Ateneo - UPO

BLOODBlood cells and reading a complete blood countHematopoiesisPlasma proteinsLipoproteinsHemostasis and coagulationCARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMIntrinsic properties of the myocardiumExcitabilityConductivityRhythmicityContractilityRelaxabilityElectrocardiogramCardiac cycleStarling's lawCardiac output and its regulationHeart soundsBlood pressureRESPIRATORY SYSTEMConduction pathwaysExchange areaSurfactantPleuraRespiratory musclesSpirometry: volumes, capacities, and flowsOxygen transport in the bloodCarbon dioxide transport in the bloodEquilibrium of the thoracopulmonary systemReflex ChemoreceptorNervous control of breathingBODY FLUIDS AND THE KIDNEYRenal cortex and medullaNephron structureBasic processes: filtration, secretion, and reabsorptionRenal clearanceWater reabsorptionUrinationRenin-angiotensin-aldosterone systemRegulation of blood pHENDOCRINAL SYSTEMHypothalamusPituitary glandThyroidParathyroidAdrenalsEndocrine pancreasGonadsCalcium and phosphate balanceVitamin DGASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGYGastrointestinal motilityDefecationNutrients: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and trace elements

1. Anna Belfiore, Chiara Berteotti, Gerardo Biella, Mario Rosario Buffelli, Barbara Colombini, Marcello D’Ascenzo,et al. "Fisiologia Umana: Fondamenti" editore Edi-Ermes
2. Zocchi L., "Principi di Fisiologia", EdiSes

The module aims to allow the learning of the principles that determine and regulate the functional activity of the various systems of the organism and provide an experimental knowledge that can help their study. It also aims to clarify the physiological bases of some diagnostic procedures used in clinical practice and to deepen the knowledge of the theoretical and practical aspects of some experimental techniques used in basic and applied medical research.

The student must have basic knowledge in Anatomy, Chemistry and Biochemistry.

MS-Power Point slides and videos which are important to clarify the physiological mechanisms. All materials used during the lessons can be found on the DIR platform.

At the end of the course, an exam simulation with quizzes similar to those used for the exam will be available on DIR platform.After the exam, the public correction of the exam is made under reasonable request.

The exam consists of a written test with multiple-choice questions.The student must demonstrate that he has assimilated the basic notions of Physiology, learned during the lessons, in an appropriate way to deal with the subsequent courses effectively. The pass mark is set at 50% of the correct answers and must be harmonised with the other subjects of the integrated course so that the final result reaches at least 60% of the correct answers. Exceeding the threshold of 90% correct answers is considered a result of excellence.Students with DSA certifications or disabilities will take the exam with compensatory and dispensatory tools, which "replace or facilitate the performance required in the deficient skill", be it writing, reading or calculation, and allow the student to study and learn effectively. These tools are approved by the competent UPO office, which will notify the Teachers.

BLOOD: Composition and functions of the blood. Hematocrit. Red blood cells. Hemoglobin. Blood groups. The Rh factor. White blood cells. The platelets. Plasma proteins. Lipoproteins. Hemostasis. Coagulation.

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: Intrinsic myocardial properties. Cardiac cycle. Heart tones. Cardiac Output. Mechanical factors of arterial pressure. Workout of the heart. Electrocardiogram. Principles of hemodynamics. Regulation of the functionality of the cardiovascular system. Capillary circulation. The venous return. Neural control of cardiovascular system. Analysis of HRV to evaluate the performance.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: The chest wall. The pleural cavity. The tracheobronchial system. The structure of the alveolus. The laws of gases. The pulmonary volumes and capacities. The intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure. Respiratory muscles. Transport of oxygen in the blood. Hemoglobin dissociation curve. Transport of carbon dioxide in the blood. Diffusion of gases through the respiratory membrane. Effect of the ventilation-perfusion ratio on alveolar gas concentration. Exchange of respiratory gases. Nervous regulation of breath. Chemical regulation of the breath. Analysis of the respiratory system during sports.

BODY FLUIDS AND KIDNEYS: The nephron. The renal glomerulus. The tubular processes that lead to urine formation. Glomerular filtration. Resorption and tubular secretion mechanisms. Renal clearances. Tubular reabsorption of water and salts. Mechanisms of concentration of urine. Role of the kidney in the control of acid-base balance. Renal circulation. RAS, renin-angiotensin system. Urination. Control of blood pH.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Generalities on hormones. Hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis. Glandotropic hypothalamic-hypophyseal hormones. Non-glandotropic hypothalamic-hypophyseal hormones. Endocrine pancreas. Thyroid. Adrenal glands. Ovary. Testis.

GASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY: Functional anatomy of the digestive tract. Gastrointestinal motility. The accessory glands: pancreas and liver. Salivary glands. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, lipids and protides. Water absorption. Vitamins. Nutrition physiology.

The expected results consist in the acquisition by the students of the mechanisms that underlie the normal functioning of the organs and systems of the human body. These concepts will form the basis for learning human pathologies and related therapies.