Ateneo - UPO

CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
General introduction of genomics applied to the study of tumors.
Isolation of nucleic acids. DNA electrophoresis. DNA cloning, plasmid vector, restriction enzymes.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and its applications.
Protein electrophoresis and western blotting.
Microarray technology and RNA sequencing.
DNA sequencing methods.
Next Generation Sequencing and its clinical applications.
Chromatin immunoprecipitation (CHIP).
Flow cytometry, general principles and its applications (apoptosis and cell cycle studies).

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
This course is aimed at understanding the basic principles of the microbiological diagnostics to approach properly the diagnosis of infectious diseases. Using the knowledge acquired in the Medical Microbiology course, the students must know how to manage the diagnosis of infectious diseases. Specifically, they must know: i) which biological sample must be harvested and used for the microbiological diagnosis; ii) which infectious agent may be the cause of the current infection; iii) how to formulate the request to the clinical microbiology laboratory: and iv) how to interpret the results and their clinical significance. A brief description of the main microbiological techniques is also provided.

CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
Laboratory Medicine

CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Biologia molecolare. Principi e tecniche di Michael M. Cox et al Zanichelli
Scientific Publications

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
-Patrick R. Murray, Ken S. Rosenthal. “Microbiologia Medica” 7a edizione
-Kenneth J. Ryan, C. George Ray. “Sherris. Medical Microbiology” 6th edition
- Guido Antonelli Principi di Microbiologia Medica (II Edizione) Casa Editrice Ambrosiana

CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
Teaching Material provided by the Professor.
Lecturer's Monographs.

CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Provide the general principles on which the main molecular techniques used in clinical diagnostics and research are based.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
How to manage the diagnosis of infectious diseases. How to recognize from the clinical symptoms the type of infectious agent that may be involved. Which biological sample must be harvested with the right timing. How to interpret the results of the microbiological analysis and provide the clinical significance.

CLINICAL
PATHOLOGY
To provide a thorough knowledge of Laboratory Medicine, a science that studies the alterations of the organism in the disease state, using chemical, physical, genetici and biological methods, obtaining, from patient biological samples, qualitative and quantitative data, which provide indispensable information for the clinician, not only for diagnostic purposes, but also for therapeutic, preventive, prognostic and rehabilitation purposes.

CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Basic knowledge of molecular biology mainly in eukaryotic organisms.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
The students must have the knowledge acquired during the basic course of Medical Microbiology.

CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
Good knowledge of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics.

CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Handouts, teaching materials, PowerPoint presentations of the lessons and articles provided by the teacher.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
The teaching activity is supported by slide presentation. All the teaching material will be available through the DIR website and must be used to prepare the exam along with the indicated textbooks.

CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
Power Point presentation.
Teaching Network on DIR Website.
Frontal lessons.
Laboratory exercises.

CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
Laboratory exercises at Clinical Chemistry Unit, "Maggiore della Carità" Hospital, Novara, during which will be deepened the topics, previously discussed during the lessons.

CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Written test with multiple choice questions.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
The exam is a written test. The questions are fully consistent with the arguments provided during the course which are all available on the DIR website. The written test comprises 5 open questions which require a concise answer. The written test is considered passed if the overall score is not less than 18. The score will be numerical and will progressively go to a maximum of 30 Laude (33 points), depending on the knowledge level of the student. During the written test it is not allowed to consult any microbiology textbooks.

CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
Multiple choice test.

CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
General introduction of genomics applied to the study of tumors.

Isolation of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), purification, and calculation of the concentration.

DNA electrophoresis. DNA cloning, plasmid vector, restriction enzymes. Bacterial transformation.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative PCR.
Use of DNA intercalated dyes capable of emitting fluorescence (SYBER-Green) or hybridization probes linked to fluorescent molecules for a specific sequence approach (probes
TaqMan). Applications in research and care.

Southern blot and Northern blot: general principles and their applications
Protein electrophoresis, western blotting.

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (CHIP)

Description of the general principles of the DNA microarray technique (use for comparison and
grouping). Applications of genomics (molecular medicine, forensic medicine, pharmacogenomics, study of multifactorial diseases). RNA sequencing (advantages over microarrays).

DNA sequencing methods (Sanger method).
Next-generation sequencing: general principles and clinical applications of next-generation sequencing techniques.

Pharmacogenomics and personalized therapy

Flow cytometry, general principles (monoclonal antibodies
related to fluorescent substances, multi-parametric analysis, sorting) and its applications (apoptosis and cell cycle studies).

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
Basic concepts of the microbiological diagnostics and techniques.
Diagnosis of the viral infections in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract.
Diagnosis of the viral infections in the blood circulation system
Diagnosis of the infections in the urogenital tract and during pregnancy
Diagnosis of bacterial infections in the blood circulation system and the central nervous system.
Assessing and monitoring of antimicrobial resistance.

CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
The topics covered in the 25 hours of lectures are listed below.
In particular:
• Laboratory Medicine: general information.
• Bayes theory.
***
Laboratory medicine in the blood diseases study and in the biological fluids evaluation (liquor, ascitic fluid, pleural fluid, synovial fluid, cardiac fluid). In particular, the following topics are analyzed:
• the blood count
• the blood count in the leukemias diagnosis
• haemostasis study
• platelet function study
***
Laboratory diagnostics of hemoglobinopathies.
• Limits and potentialities of "haemoglobin profile evaluation test", carried out with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
• Role of the HbA2 parameter in the diagnosis of the thalassemia trait carrier.
***
• Iron metabolism.
• Laboratory test for the evaluation of the martial profile.
• Hereditary hemochromatosis.
***
Laboratory medicine in the coagulation study. In particular, the following topics are covered:
• coagulation pathophysiology
• coagulation test in the evaluation of thrombotic risk and haemorrhagic risk (screening tests and specialist tests)
• pathophysiology of hereditary thrombophilias and laboratory diagnostics
***
• Evolution of Laboratory Medicine in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction
• Evolution of Laboratory Medicine in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases
• Personalized medicine and Pharmacogenetics: its clinical applications.

CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
The student must know the general principles of molecular biology and molecular biology techniques used in research and in the clinic.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
The students must demonstrate: i) they have acquired the basic concepts of the diagnosis of infectious diseases, ii) an appropriate scientific language, and iii) they are able to use the supplied material for a critical and reasoned study.

CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
Critical interpretation of laboratory data.
Prescribing appropriateness of laboratory tests.
Knowledge of diagnostic profiles, diagnostic protocols and diagnostic paths.