Ateneo - UPO

The training program includes teaching at the patient bedside or during outpatient visits aimed at acquiring the required skills in the specific specialized areas.

Texts and educational materials used in traditional classroom teaching can be utilized.

Development of a general expertise and comprehensive understanding of the management of hospitalized and outpatient patients within a specialized department, with particular attention to major diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, as well as care pathways related to the areas covered by the internship.

As per the curriculum of previous course years, knowledge and understanding of the elements acquired during the internship in the third and fourth year.

The internship is carried out under the guidance of tutors who assist the student in acquiring knowledge of the diagnostic and instrumental procedures necessary for patient management, both in an outpatient setting and in a hospital ward.

Clinical competencies are assessed through direct observation by the tutor, with a focus on the execution of the prescribed procedures. This evaluation also includes guided discussions of the clinical cases observed in both the hospital ward and outpatient setting.

1) NEUROLOGY: Proper execution of medical history and neurological examination, as well as differential diagnosis of major neurological disorders. Learning of semiotic maneuvers to identify alterations in fundamental neurological functions during the physical examination. Technique for performing Electroencephalogram (EEG) recording, Cerebral Evoked Potentials recording, Electromyography (EMG) execution, and Lumbar Puncture. Evaluation of brain or spinal cord lesions using CT and MRI. Initial rehabilitative approach for neurologically impaired patients.
2) PSYCHIATRY: Medical and psychopharmacological psychiatric history taking. Conducting an open interview. Psychiatric examination. Ability to approach psychiatric emergencies. Ability to classify major psychiatric disorders (diagnostic and therapeutic pathways). Experience in group activities and participation in role-playing activities.
3) DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING: Techniques for performing abdominal ultrasound and ultrasounds in other areas, ultrasound-guided biopsies (breast, abdominal, thoracic, thyroid), color Doppler ultrasound, standard chest X-ray, barium enema, computed tomography (chest, abdominal, cranial), Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Recognition of "radiological" anatomy in chest X-ray (PA and I.I.), CT, and MRI. Recognition of "radiological" anatomy in direct abdominal X-ray, CT, and MRI. Recognition of common abnormalities in standard chest X-rays and direct abdominal examinations. Identifying any technical inadequacies in X-rays by exploring the relevant correctness factors. Completion of requests for first-level diagnostic imaging investigations (abdominal ultrasound, chest X-ray, direct abdominal X-ray), providing pertinent clinical information and clear diagnostic questions. Explaining to patients the benefits and risks of diagnostic imaging investigations (e.g., contrast media risks) and obtaining their informed consent.
4) ONCOLOGY, HEMATOLOGY, RADIOTHERAPY: Learning a holistic approach to oncology/hematology patients, both during diagnostic and therapeutic phases, including the side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Learning the diagnostic approach to patients with oncological/hematological diseases. Learning the prognostic stratification approach for patients with oncological/hematological diseases. Medical history and physical examination to identify and interpret signs of oncological/hematological diseases. Framing the medical history and physical examination of an oncological/hematological patient undergoing radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Critical interpretation of laboratory and/or diagnostic imaging data related to oncological/hematological diseases. Critical interpretation of results related to tumor markers. Assessing which elements to consider in choosing clinical and instrumental staging investigations. Assessing which elements to consider in choosing the therapeutic approach (CT, hormone therapy, biological therapies, etc.) and developing the treatment plan. Integrated treatment of radiochemotherapy and supportive therapy during chemotherapy/radiotherapy/radiochemotherapy. Understanding and recognizing the main complications of neoplasms and identifying treatment options. Understanding and recognizing the main side effects of antineoplastic therapies and identifying prevention and treatment options. Understanding the psychological issues of patients and their families, seeking assistance from other specialists if necessary. Effective collaboration with other specialists to address the various medical and non-medical problems faced by oncology patients. Knowledge of issues related to vascular access (CVC, etc.). Post-radiotherapy or chemotherapy follow-up visit: evaluating treatment response and toxicity, and awareness of oncological/hematological follow-up issues.
5) SPECIALIZED SURGERY (Thoracic Surgery, Ophthalmology, Neurosurgery, Orthopedics and Traumatology, Vascular Surgery, Otorhinolaryngology, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Urology, Plastic Surgery, Pediatric Surgery/Pediatric Orthopedics, Dermatology, Maxillofacial Surgery). Medical history and physical examination of patients with specialized surgical, ophthalmological, or dermatological conditions. Differential diagnosis of major surgical, ophthalmological, or dermatological pathologies. Locoregional or nerve block anesthesia for outpatient procedures. Clinical discussion of cases related to specialized surgical interventions, including indications/contraindications for surgery and types of surgical approaches, with benefits, limitations, and risk of complications. Assisting in specialized surgical procedures. Post-operative clinical management of patients undergoing specialized surgery. Dressing changes for operated patients - performing complex dressings.
6) BASIC SURGICAL TECHNIQUES: Attendance of practical seminars on surgical skills (TCB) and successful completion of the final assessment using an appropriate checklist.

7) MULTIDISCIPLINARY AND SPECIALIZED COMPETENCIES: Examination of the oral cavity. Non-instrumental objective examination of the eyes and adnexa. Reduction and simple treatment (casting) of fractures. Performing objective examinations of major joints (spine, shoulder, hand, hip, knee). Establishing a diagnostic-therapeutic algorithm for common musculoskeletal conditions. Analysis of skin lesions.

Improvement and consolidation of skills acquired in previous years. Acquisition of skills expected from rotations in specialized departments and the diagnostic-therapeutic approach typical of specialized medicine. Understanding the specific characteristics of the diagnostic-therapeutic approach for neurological, psychiatric, oncological/hematological, and specialized surgical patients. Understanding the role of diagnostic imaging in the management of care pathways related to the areas covered by the internship.