Ateneo - UPO

Organization the cell and main animal tissues. Principles of Developmental Biolog. Anatomy, function and evolution of systems in the Vertebrates.

- Istologia, Monesi (7th edizione) ed Piccin
- Istologia Funzionale, JB.Kerr (ed Casa Editrice Ambrosiana)
- Atlante a colori e Testo di Istologia, L.P. Gartner e J.L. Hiatt (ed Piccin)
- Junqueira Istologia Testo e Atlante, A.L. Mescher (ed Piccin)
- Cellula e tessuti, Colombo , Olmo (edi-Ermes)
- Embriologia, Barbieri Carinci (Casa Editrice Ambrosiana)
- Biologia dello Sviluppo , Gilbert (Zanichelli)
- Anatomia Comparata, V. Stingo (edi-Ermes)

knowledge of the modern biology, contextualization of the microscopic information and bring it to a macroscopic context; understand the contents of the communication between the intracellular and the extracellular environment, between the different cells, between the various tissues of a multicellular organism from its early stages until the end of development.
Students will be introduced to the language of anatomy, to the methods of morphofunctional analysis, and to the evolutionary history of organ systems in vertebrates. As we will proceed in the study of an organ or system we will analyze both the structure of the adult organ and its developmental origin in order to provide a reconstructive morphological method of evolutionary relationships among vertebrate groups.

None

Lectures with Power Point projection. The slides used will be available to students on DIR pages.
Study of histological preparations.

Written exam: 24 questions (multiple choice, true or false, definitions) that cover all the subjects of the course (1 right answer = 1 point) + 2 open questions on specific topics, with possible request for schematic drawings or recognition of preparations (each of which is awarded 3-4 points). Major scores are attributed to open questions as they allow to verify specific knowledge, clarity and ability to synthesize.

Cell structure. The chemical components of the cells. Energy in the cell. DNA and chromosomes. Plasma membrane and membrane transport. Extracellular matrix and cell junctions. Structure and function of: nucleus and nucleolus, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, lysosome, peroxisome, mitochondria. Vesicular transport, secretion routes and endocytic routes. Apoptosis and necrosis.
Epithelial tissue, embryonic, properly termed and specialized connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue. Systems and apparatus. Sensory organs.
Introduction to microscopy and methods of a microscopic preparation.

Introduction to the comparative approach. Understanding the mechanisms of diversification of vertebrates. Chordates: general characteristics and their position in the animal world; the sub-phylum Vertebrate. Classification of Vertebrates. Comparative embryology of vertebrates: gametes and fertilization; the stages of embryonic development; the derivatives of embryonic leaflets. Main mechanisms for controlling differentiation and associated pathologies. Staminal cells.
Integumentary system: Skin and its derivatives (scales, feathers, hair, horns,..), Integument color, thermoregulation.
Skeletal system:appendicular skeleton: pectoral and pelvic girdle, paired fins and limbs. Evolution of limbs. Skull.
Respiratory system; gills, lungs and swim bladders in fish.
Circulatory system: arterial and venous circulation. Heart Models in Vertebrates.
Excretory system. Components of the urinary system. Nephron structure and evolution. Development of kidney (pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros) and urogenital ducts.
Reproductive system. Types of reproduction in Vertebrates. Gonadal development. Testis and ovary organization in Vertebrates. Spermatogenesis and ovogenesis. The ovarian cycle.
Endocrine system: The hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Pituitary gland, endocrine pancreas, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland and adrenal glands. The hormonal control of reproduction.
Nervous system: function and evolution of nerve cells and neural circuits. Spinal cord and spinal nerves. Principles of brain evolution. Cerebellum. Optic tectum and evolution of the visual pathways. Diencepahalon. Evolution of the telencephalon. Organization of the peripheral nervous system. Sensory organs.

KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING
- To know the structure and functions of animal cells and tissues, the structural and functional properties of the principal molecules of biological interest and the principles on which the main functions of biological systems are based;
- Understand the characteristics common to all vertebrates and the specific characteristics of the main subgroups;
- To know morphological organization and development of the individual vertebrate organs / systems

APPLYING KNOWLEDGE &UNDERSTANDING
- Ability to integrate knowledge and skills acquired through the course with those derived from other teachings
- Ability to properly use the optical microscope and to recognize and describe histological preparations and skeletal preparations

COMMUNICATION SKILLS
- Use appropriate scientific language in oral and written communication
- Demonstrate the ability to recognize essential information and present them

MAKING JUDGMENT
- Being able to interpret experimental results of cell biology similar to those discussed in lesson
- Being able to interpret different morphological specializations in terms of functions performed

LEARNING ABILITIES
To be able to describe scientific issues related to cytology, histology, embryology and functional anatomy. .This skill will be developed through the active involvement of students through oral discussions in the classroom of topics related to the course