Ateneo - UPO

In the present course we will present: the main clinical, epidemiological and assistential features of selected diseases, with specific attention to those causing frailty; the general and targeted knowledge on first aid interventions in case of time-dependent situations that put the patient’s life at risk and disability, and exemplary teaching; the pathophysiology of the endocrine system and the main endocrine-metabolic disorders in relation to aspects of education, nutrition and support for management of endocrine diseases; the principles of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacotherapy; the instruments to understand the molecular basis of the human genetic diseases and to understand the basis of genetic counselling to the family

Harrison, Internal Medicine, Rugarli, Medicina Interna, Cecil Textbook of Medicine, Ettore Bartoli, Medicina Interna. Camanni F. and Ghigo E Malattie del sistema endocrino e del metabolismo. Centro Scientifico Editore, III° edizione, Torino 2001. 2) Per approfondimenti: Patricia E Molina. Fisiologia Endocrina. Lange Physiology Series (McGraw-Hill).
Goodman & Gilman. Le basi farmacologiche della terapia Laurence L. et al. XIII Edizione (2019). Zanichelli. Farmacologia generale e clinica Bertram G. Katzung, et.al. XI Edizione (2021). Piccin Nuova Libraria. Farmacologia generale e molecolare. Clementi F, et al. I Edizione (1997). UTET. Farmacologia medica in uno sguardo. Michael J. Neal VII Edizione (2015). Raffaello Cortina Editore. Psicofarmacoterapia clinica Raja M, et al I Edizione (2021). Minerva Medica. Neuropsicofarmacologia. Govoni S. et al. I Edizione (1998) UTET Farmacologia generale e speciale per le lauree sanitarie Di Giulio A.M. II Edizione (2018). Piccin
D.P.Snustad, M.J. Simmons. Principi di Genetica. EDISES V edizione

To know epidemiology, prevention principles and main clinical features of non surgical human diseases; to learn the classification of human diseases; recognition of situations that are immediately dangerous to the patient's life and the knowledge of the first basic life support maneuvers; to illustrate the role of the endocrine-metabolic system in the control of the general functions and balance of the individual, focusing on the main diseases and syndromes of the endocrine system and glycolipid metabolism, their epidemiology, the pathophysiological basis, the clinic and hints of therapy; to provide students with the basic knowledge and problems of pharmacological treatment in the main human diseases through theoretical notions and examples of therapeutic activity, kinetics, side effects and toxic effects of certain categories of drugs relevant in clinical practice and applicable to populations of patients with whom the professional educator is involved; to provide the student with the instruments to understand the molecular basis of the human genetic diseases and to understand the basis of genetic counselling to the family.

The required knowledge includes notions of biology, chemistry, anatomy, human physiology

Lectures and class discussion

None

Written (multiple choice and open questions)

Physiopathology, clinical manifestations and complications of cardiovascular diseases, chronic articular disorders, respiratory diseases and principal infectious diseases. The chronic liver diseases. Management of elderly and frail patients.
Concepts of emergency and urgency. Notes on anatomy and physiology of the human body. Main cardiological, neurological and traumatological emergency pathologies. Principles of basic life support.
General mechanisms of endocrine-metabolic pathophysiology. Mechanisms of hormonal action (classes of hormones and hormone receptors, termination systems of hormonal action). Hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Pathophysiology of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Secreting and non-secreting pituitary adenomas. Posterior pituitary, Diabetes insipidus. Thyroid: Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism, endemic and sporadic Goiter, The thyroid nodule, Thyroiditis, Thyroid tumors Adrenals: Hypoadrenalism, Hypercorticoadrenalism. Gonads: Pathophysiology of testicular function and ovary, Pathophysiology and clinic of male and female hypogonadism Endocrine pancreas. Pathophysiology and clinic of diabetes mellitus. Metabolic syndrome. Phospho-calcium homeostasis: Pathophysiology of phospho-calcium homeostasis, Hypoparathyroidism and Primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism, Postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocrine regulation of body weight and Obesity. Chronobiology and endocrine system. Endocrine problems with different etiopathogenesis.
Principles of Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, administration, variability in individual response to the drug, adverse reactions to drugs, interactions between drugs, drugs and natural products, drugs and foods. Drugs for the treatment of psychiatric and neurological diseases: drugs for Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease, hypnotic sedatives, anxiolytics, antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers. Treatment of pain: FANS, opioid analgesics, neuropathic pain. General principles of drug addiction. Therapy of metabolic/endocrine and autoimmune diseases: diabetes, dyslipidemia, osteoporosis, asthma and more. The elderly in therapy: anticoagulant drugs, platelet, fibrinolytic, antihypertensive and cardiovascular. Principles of oncological and antimicrobial therapy, toxicity and drug interactions.
The human genome. Chromosome structure. Cell reproduction: mitosis and meiosis. Numerical and structural variations of the karyotype (polyploidy, aneuploidy, translocations, deletions and duplications). The Mendelian laws and its applications. Human Mendelian genetics: interpretation of genealogical t- rees, monogenic diseases and blood group genetics. Sex chromosomes and sex determination. Recombination. Study of quantitative and multifactorial characters and complex diseases.

Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge and comprehension of the theorical basis of the most prevalent non surgical conditions, of their physiology and of the management of patients.
Recognize the main emergency situations and provide first aid safely.
Recognize, describe, diagnose the most common endocrine-metabolic diseases inserted in a context of chronic diseases with pluri-morbidity and morbidity.
Knowledge and understanding of the main groups of drugs, as well as the relationship between desired and unwanted effects.
Learn the basics about the structure and organization of the human genetic material and the laws that regulates its transmission in the families.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding:
Application of the principles of clinical reasoning to a specific clinical case, choosing the most common diagnostic procedures, analyzing and interpreting the results, in an effective and efficient way.
It is essential that the student learns the correct modalities of clinical reasoning in endocrinology, applying the method of differential diagnoses.
Critical ability to address the topics transversally and to place knowledge in the context in which the professional educator operates, and the ability to understand the correct therapeutic use of the main active ingredients.
Finally, students are also expected to acquire correct communication skills in the topics under study.