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Ce cours propose une introduction aux Essais en s’intéressant à la question mouvante du sujet : « C’est moy que je peins », affirme Montaigne à l’ouverture de son livre. Il s’agira précisément de mettre le projet autobiographique à l’épreuve de ses contextes philosophiques (scepticisme entre autres) et socio-historiques (réalités locales, pratiques de sociabilité, guerres de religion et grandes découvertes). Dans la lignée des travaux de Thierry Wanegfellen et de Marie-Clarté Lagrée sur l’émergence de la conscience de soi et sur la construction culturelle de l’intériorité à l’automne de la Renaissance, nous nous intéresserons au rapport du moi à l’altérité, de « l’individu au collectif et à l’institutionnel » (Thierry Wanegfellen). A l’âge moderne, « le sujet s’invente par un processus simultané de subjectivation et d’assujettissement » (Thierry Wanegfellen et Frank Lestringant) : la conscience individuelle se nourrit de contraintes collectives qu’elle incorpore et exorcise suivant des modalités différentes. Les Essais offrent, dans leur pensée comme dans leur écriture, une illustration de ce phénomène dialectique constitutif de la modernité de l’œuvre. Tout en contextualisant le projet autobiographique de Montaigne, nous nous interrogerons sur son actualité, et plus largement, sur la capacité des Essais à entrer en résonance avec les questionnements et les sujets brûlants de notre époque : l’identité, individuelle et collective, la laïcité, l’intolérance, la diversité culturelle, etc.

Questo corso propone un'introduzione ai saggi interessandosi alla questione centrale del soggetto: «È me stesso che dipingo», afferma Montaigne all'apertura del suo libro. Si tratterà appunto di analizzare il progetto autobiografico sulla base dei suoi contesti filosofici (scetticismo tra gli altri) e socio-storici (realtà locali, pratiche di socialità, guerre di religione e grandi scoperte). In linea con i lavori di Thierry Wanegfellen e Marie-Clarté Lagrée sull'emergere della coscienza di sé e sulla costruzione culturale dell'interiorità nell'autunno del Rinascimento, ci interesseremo al rapporto tra l'io e l'alterità, da «l'individuo al collettivo e all'istituzionale» (Thierry Wanegfellen). Nell'età moderna, «il soggetto si inventa attraverso un processo simultaneo di soggettivazione e di sottomissione» (Thierry Wanegfellen e Frank Lestringant): la coscienza individuale si nutre di vincoli collettivi che essa incorpora ed esorcizza secondo modalità diverse. Gli Essais offrono, nel loro pensiero come nella loro scrittura, un'illustrazione di questo fenomeno dialettico costitutivo della modernità dell'opera. Contestualizzando il progetto autobiografico di Montaigne, ci interrogheremo sulla sua attualità e più in generale sulla capacità degli Essais di entrare in risonanza con le domande e i questioni fondamentali della nostra epoca: l'identità, individuale e collettiva, la laicità, l'intolleranza, la diversità culturale, ecc.

Les textes d’étude seront distribués en cours. Nous travaillerons tout particulièrement sur les chapitres suivants : Livre I, chap. 26, 28, 31 ; Livre III, chap. 2, 3, 6, 9, 10, 13.
Edition de référence
Montaigne, Essais, éd. E. Naya, D. Reguig et A. Tarrête, Paris, Gallimard, Folio classique, 2009.
Autres éditions
Les Essais de Michel de Montaigne, sous la direction de Jean Céard, Paris, Le Livre de poche, « La Pochothèque », 2001, OU Montaigne, Les Essais, éd. Pierre Villey, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 2004 [1924].

Lectures critiques
• Sur Montaigne (quelques titres) :
Demonet, Marie-Luce, Michel de Montaigne – Les Essais, Paris, PUF, coll. « Etudes littéraires », 1985.
Demonet, Marie-Luce et Legros, Alain (dir.), L’Ecriture du scepticisme chez Montaigne, Genève, Droz, 2004.
Desan Philippe, Montaigne. Une biographie politique, Paris, Odile Jacob, 2014.
Desan, Philippe (dir.), Dictionnaire Montaigne, Classiques Garnier, 2018 (2007).
Nakam, Géralde, Montaigne et son temps. Les événements et les Essais, Paris, Gallimard, 1993.
Tournon, André, Montaigne en toutes lettres, Paris, Bordas, 1989.

• Sur l’écriture de soi et l’histoire de l’intériorité
Desarbres, Paul-Victor, Ferrer, Véronique, Tarrête, Alexandre (dir.), L’Écriture de soi à la Renaissance, Cahiers Saulnier, n° 41, 2024.
Ferrer, Véronique, Vaillancourt, Luc, Refini, Eugenio (dir.) Representing the Self in the Renaissance / Représentations de soi à la Renaissance, Paris, Hermann, 2023.
GREENBLATT, Stephen, Renaissance Self-Fashioning. From More to Shakespeare, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1980.
Kuperty-Tsur, Nadine, Se dire à la Renaissance. Les Mémoires au XVIe siècle, Paris, Vrin, 1997.
Kuperty-Tsur, Nadine (dir.), Écriture de soi et argumentation : rhétorique et modèles de l’autoreprésentation, Caen, Presses Universitaires de Caen, 2000.
Lagrée Marie-Clarté, « C’est moy que je peins ». Figures de soi à l’automne de la Renaissance, Paris, PUPS, 2012.
Wanegfellen Thierry, Le Roseau pensant. Ruse de la modernité occidentale, Histoire Payot, 2010.
Taylor Charles, Les Sources du moi. La formation de l’identité moderne, Paris, Editions du Seuil, 1998.

I testi d’esame saranno distrubuiti durante il corso. Si lavorerà in particolare su seguenti capitoli: libroI, cap. 26, 28, 31 ; libro III, cap. 2, 3, 6, 9, 10, 13.

Edizione di riferimento:
Montaigne, Essais, éd. E. Naya, D. Reguig et A. Tarrête, Paris, Gallimard, Folio classique, 2009.

Altre edizioni:
Les Essais de Michel de Montaigne, sous la direction de Jean Céard, Paris, Le Livre de poche, « La Pochothèque », 2001, OU Montaigne, Les Essais, éd. Pierre Villey, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 2004 [1924].

Letture critiche
• Su Montaigne (alcuni titoli) :
Demonet, Marie-Luce, Michel de Montaigne – Les Essais, Paris, PUF, coll. « Etudes littéraires », 1985.
Demonet, Marie-Luce et Legros, Alain (dir.), L’Ecriture du scepticisme chez Montaigne, Genève, Droz, 2004.
Desan Philippe, Montaigne. Une biographie politique, Paris, Odile Jacob, 2014.
Desan, Philippe (dir.), Dictionnaire Montaigne, Classiques Garnier, 2018 (2007).
Nakam, Géralde, Montaigne et son temps. Les événements et les Essais, Paris, Gallimard, 1993.
Tournon, André, Montaigne en toutes lettres, Paris, Bordas, 1989.

• Sulla scritture di sé e la storia dell’interiorità
Desarbres, Paul-Victor, Ferrer, Véronique, Tarrête, Alexandre (dir.), L’Écriture de soi à la Renaissance, Cahiers Saulnier, n° 41, 2024.
Ferrer, Véronique, Vaillancourt, Luc, Refini, Eugenio (dir.) Representing the Self in the Renaissance / Représentations de soi à la Renaissance, Paris, Hermann, 2023.
GREENBLATT, Stephen, Renaissance Self-Fashioning. From More to Shakespeare, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1980.
Kuperty-Tsur, Nadine, Se dire à la Renaissance. Les Mémoires au XVIe siècle, Paris, Vrin, 1997.
Kuperty-Tsur, Nadine (dir.), Écriture de soi et argumentation : rhétorique et modèles de l’autoreprésentation, Caen, Presses Universitaires de Caen, 2000.
Lagrée Marie-Clarté, « C’est moy que je peins ». Figures de soi à l’automne de la Renaissance, Paris, PUPS, 2012.
Wanegfellen Thierry, Le Roseau pensant. Ruse de la modernité occidentale, Histoire Payot, 2010.
Taylor Charles, Les Sources du moi. La formation de l’identité moderne, Paris, Editions du Seuil, 1998.

The course aims to enable students at least to know some aspects of French literature related to the birth and evolution of the French Petrarchism. A more advanced objective is to be able to identify common elements and differences between authors, texts and thematic paths. The main objectives concern 1) Knowledge of the history of literature, according to the main events; 2) Knowledge of the authors and the historical and cultural context in which he worked. 3) Reading, framing, critical elaboration from the texts.

-Good/excellent knowledge of French language. The course will be held in French. -Knowledge of the most relevant problems and issues in French culture and literature.

-Continuous interaction during the lessons. -Reading, contextualization and analysis ofl texts; -Methodological application in a critical and historiographic perspective. -A part of the course will take place in seminar mode.

The students will be continuously encouraged to reflect, under the guidance of the teacher, on aesthetic and textual issues, also with independent analysis exercises.

In addition to continuous interaction through direct student participation, the examination will consist of: 1) in a question on the main themes of French literature. The student will have to demonstrate that he/she is familiar with the fundamental problems and issues of literature and can identify how it has evolved over the centuries. 2) in a question on the authors and their works. The student will have to know the themes and the cultural and literary paths that have developed in France concerning the Petrarchism and will have to be able to elaborate a discourse on the main authors analyzed during the course, setting them in the literary and historiographical context of reference. 3) Evaluation of the seminar work that the student will develop in the second part of the course. It will consist of a guided analysis of some texts, in order to demonstrate their effective reading and comprehension. The student will have to demonstrate the ability to place the chosen texts in their historical/literary context and to identify the peculiar themes of the authors in each text analyzed. In order to obtain a pass, the student must demonstrate a solid knowledge of French literature. They will have to know the authors and the fundamental themes, in relation to the literary genre of reference, and will have to demonstrate that they have read the texts and understood their particular characteristics in relation to the century to which they belong. In order to achieve excellence, students will have to be able to independently elaborate comparisons between the authors studied and to develop a coherent critical discourse that takes into account the evolution of French literature and of the Petrarchism. They must also demonstrate that they have read the texts in depth and are able to make connections between the authors and between the texts, highlighting common elements and differences.

The analysis of the texts will start from a framework of the literary genre of reference. It will then highlight the main themes linked to French Petrarchism. Particular attention will be paid to the historical and literary context. The program is structured in the following way: -First and second week: Historical background and contextualization of the major literary movements; -third week-sixth week: the French Petrarchism; detailed presentation of the authors, reading of some texts; detailed and in-depth framing of the works. -Seventh-eighth week: Seminar in which students will elaborate and present some textual and literary analyses.

To achieve the basic skills, the following are required: 1) Knowledge: -General knowledge of the history of French literature. -Knowledge of the problems and fundamental questions linked to the Petrarchism. -Specific knowledge of authors and their works. 2) Competences: -To know how to frame the most important themes, authors and issues related to French literature in the context of the Petrarchism. Ability to synthesize (framing of the texts, identification of specigc themes, comparisons between the texts analyzed during the course). 3) Transversal skills: -To be able to explain with clarity of argument the topics dealt with. -To be able to present the authors and place them in their historical/literary context. -To be able to read and analyze the texts, grasping the most important themes and arguments. For the achievement of a more advanced level, the student should demonstrate to: -Be able to make connections between authors and between themes within the same historical/cultural context. -To be able to elaborate autonomously a thematic path that can be developed in chronological order. -To be able to understand and re-elaborate the most important themes of French literature in relation to Petrarchism. To be able to read the texts in a critical perspective, developing comparisons and being able to identify points of contact and difference between the various authors.