Ateneo - UPO

The integrated modula aim to made the students aware of the main mechanisms regulating the functions of various apparatus and systems and to give the basis of experimental studies adopted. They aim also to clarify the physiologic basis of diagnostic procedures and to deepen the knowledge of theoric and practic aspects of some experimental techniques used in medical research. The use of simulators and online exercitations will allow to deepen the knowledge about main principles of renal Physiology.

Fisiologia Umana a cura F. Grassi, D. Negrini e CA Porro, Poletto Editore Fisiologia Medica, a cura di F Conti, III ediz. Edi.Ermes 2. Fisiologia medica di Ganong, Piccin Editore Fisiologia Medica, Edi-Ermes Volume I a cura di Conti Principi di Neuroscienze a cura di Kandel e altri, casa Editrice ambrosiana (testo di approfondimento).

The educational objectives are addressed to the knowledge of principles governing the functional activity of various organs and apparatus. Particular attention is paid to the "gender medicine". As specified in each integrate course, educational objectives aim to achieve: 1) knowledge and comprehension of physiologic mechanisms regulating gastrointestinal secretion, absorption and motility. Physiologic liver function. Physiopathologic aspects of gastrointestinal physiology and practic applications of basic physiologic notions. knowledge and comprehension of mechanisms regulating renal filtration, reabsorption and secretion, of renal clearances and of the role of kidney in acid-base balance. Clinical applications of basic physiologic notions. 2) Knowledge and comprehension of neurophysiologic control of systemic and peripheral nervous system. Knowledge and comprehension of the physiology of the sensitive and motor nervous system. Practical applications of basic physiologic notions. Knowledge and comprehension of integrative functions and of mechanisms regulating wakefulness and sleep 3) knowledge and comprehension of physiologic mechanisms regulating cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine systems 4) Practical applications of main principles regarding kidney, digestive, endocrine, respiratory, nervous system and cardiovascular physiology.

Students should be in possession of basic knowledge of Anatomy, Istology, Physics, Biology and Chemistry

The lessons are organized through Power point loaded on didactic internet website (DIR). Interactive videos loaded on DIR could be used as well. Use of simulators and of website to exercise regarding the arguments treated and for the practical applications of renal Physiology. Particular attention is paid to language to support students with disabilities, with Specific Learning Disorders (DSA), with Special Educational Needs (BES).

The integrated course is composed of modules (Human Physiology I, II, III, and Clinical Physiology) that consist of lectures on topics related to cardiovascular and renal physiology, the digestive system, the respiratory system, the endocrine system, and the nervous system. These modules are complemented by a Clinical Physiology module, which addresses the clinical and applied aspects of renal and cardiovascular physiology. Students with physical disabilities, Learning Disabilities or Special Education Needs can request specific services and tools via reference office consulting the University webpage: https://www.uniupo.it/en/services/services-students-physical-or-learning-disabilities. Students with disabilities, learning disabilities or special education needs, once they have contacted the University Staff, can refer to the tutor in charge of the course to define the examination modalities, concerning academic aspects.

Students will have an oral exam about Gastrointestinal, Renal, Cardiovascular, Endocrine, Respiratory and Nervous Physiology In particular, it will be evaluated the knowledge and comprehension of main issues of Physiology of various systems and the ability to create links. The vote will be the result of a global valutation of the integrated courses and calculated as weighted average considering the hours of frontal teaching. The acquisitions of the basic principles relating to the physiology of the various systems will be considered for the purpose of achieving sufficiency. Excellence can be achieved by the student who will demonstrate to create links with clinical aspects and who will demonstrate to know in detail the signaling pathways and the mechanisms underlying the principles of Physiology. Assessment methods also include particular attention to language to support students with disabilities, with Specific Learning Disorders (DSA), with Special Educational Needs (BES).

Cardiovascular system. Myocardial properties. Cardiac cycle. Cardiac tones. Cardiac output. Mechanic factors of arterial blood pressure. Heart work. Electrocardiogram and its applications in the alteration of rythm and conduction. Emodynamic principles. Arterial blood pressure. Regulation of functionality of cardiovascular system. Capillary circulation. Pulmonary circulation. Coronary circulation. Cerebral, muscular, cutaneous and splanchnic circulations. Blood and coagulation. Gastrointestinal system. Gastrointestinal secretions. Gastrointestinal motility. Digestion and absorbption. Physiology of liver. Physiology of the kidney. Anatomic pics. Intrinsic and extrinsic renal blood flow regulation. Glomerular filtration. Mechanisms of reabsorbption and secretion. Renal clearances. Tubular reabsorption of water and solutes. Urine concentration. Acid-base balance: main buffers; physiopatology pics;role of the kidney in the regulation of acid-base balance. Respiratory system. Respiratory mechanics. Lung volumes and capacities. Respiratory compliances. Death zones. Ventilation/perfusion ratio. Lung gas exchange. Oxygen and carbon dioxide blood transport. Respiratory quotient and basal metabolism. Nervous and chemical control of respiration. Hypoxia. Role of respiratory system in acid-base balance. Endocrine system. Functions and regulation of its activity. hypothalamic–pituitary axis. Pituitary hormones. Gonadic hormones. Hormonal control of pregnancy. hormones produced by adrenal glands. Thyroid hormones. Endocrine pancreas. Hormonal control of metabolism of calcium and phosphate. Nervous system. Cellular neurophysiology: membrane potential, equilibrium potential, action potential, synaptic transmission, nerve conduction, and neurotransmitters. Autonomic nervous system: sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. Methods for studying the nervous system: electroencephalogram (EEG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), extracellular recordings. Organization of the cerebral cortex. Organization of the spinal cord and skeletal muscle. Spinal reflexes: stretch reflex, inverse stretch reflex, and flexor reflexes. General organization of the sensory systems. Somatosensory system: somatic sensitivity, peripheral receptors, cortical somatosensory areas, peripheral and central neural mechanisms of pain. Visual system: retina, visual field, topography of visual pathways, magno- and parvocellular pathways, striate and extrastriate cortex, stereopsis, “where” and “what” pathways, inferotemporal areas. Auditory system: cochlea, central auditory pathways, cortical auditory areas, sound perception and localization. Taste and smell. Vestibular system and vestibular reflexes. Descending motor pathways. Cortical control of movement: role of motor, premotor, and parietal areas in the control of arm and hand movements. Basal ganglia and associated disorders. Control of locomotion. Eye movements: role of cortical and subcortical circuits. Sleep and wakefulness. In-depth group work on: prefrontal cortex and executive functions, placebo effect, brain-machine interfaces, and other topics to be defined. Practical applications of main principles regarding kidney and cardiovascular Physiology. “Gender mainstreaming”: The role of hormones in regulating the cardiovascular system

In order to achieve the knowledge and skills corresponding to the minimum level of sufficiency, the student is asked to demonstrate: (KNOWLEDGE) -be aware of physiologic mechanisms that regulate the function of various organs (COMPETENCE) -use the knowledge for solving the quiz of applied physiology and to face physiopathological aspects (TRANSVERSAL ABILITY) -to be able to read, understand and discuss technical material taken from books, other tests etc; -to know or find out the internationl terminology. For the achievement of an advanced level, the student must demonstrate to be able to know the intracellular mechanisms underlying the notions of Physiology and hypothesize clinical applications.