Ateneo - UPO

1) INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL PATHOLOGY
2) THE GENETIC BASE OF THE DISEASES
3) PHYSICAL AGENTS AS CAUSE OF DISEASES
4) CHEMICAL AGENTS AS CAUSE OF DISEASES
5) BIOLOGICAL AGENTS AS CAUSE OF DISEASES
6) TISSUE MODIFICATIONS IN RESPONSE TO PATHOLOGICAL CHRONIC AND ACUTE STIMULA
7) INFLAMMATORY PROCESS
8) REPAIR PROCESS
9) NEOPLASTIC GROWTH

1) INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL PATHOLOGY
2) THE GENETIC BASE OF THE DISEASES
3) PHYSICAL AGENTS AS CAUSE OF DISEASES
4) CHEMICAL AGENTS AS CAUSE OF DISEASES
5) BIOLOGICAL AGENTS AS CAUSE OF DISEASES
6) TISSUE MODIFICATIONS IN RESPONSE TO PATHOLOGICAL CHRONIC AND ACUTE STIMULA
7) INFLAMMATORY PROCESS
8) REPAIR PROCESS
9) NEOPLASTIC GROWTH

The PATOLOGIA GENERALE module is part of the BASI MOLECOLARI DELLE MALATTIE Integrated Course (Microbiology, General Pathology and Immunology) (for Physiotherapy Degree courses, Radiology Technicians, Biomedical Laboratory Technicians) And is part of the Integrated Course of ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF THE DISEASES (Microbiology, General Pathology and Immunology) (Dental Hygienists) common to all Health Care Laureates of the Technical Area.
The specific objective of the PATOLOGIA GENERALE course is to understand the root causes (etiology) and mechanisms (pathogenesis) that are responsible for altering the state of health.
To this end, the molecular, cellular and super-cellular effects of endogenous pathogens (genetic and tumor diseases) and exogenous pathogens (physical, chemical and biological causes of disease) will be examined. Cell and tissue levels will then be investigated for the adverse consequences of chronic and acute pacing with pathogens (degeneration, reversible and irreversible cell damage, cell death for necrosis or apoptosis).
The local and systemic reaction to tissue damage will be described by thorough examination of the inflammatory process and consequent tissue repair.
The course of GENERAL PATHOLOGY conducted for the THE TECHNICAL AREA, within the General Program below, privileges the deepening of the molecular mechanisms of the different pathological conditions examined with specific references to the implications useful for the future work of students of the various Types of Degree.

The Course needs the previous knowledge of fundamental elements of biochemistry, biology, genetics and physiology acquired in previous or parallel courses, which will provide the basis for the learning of the effects of exogenous and endogenous disease agents on the cellular and tissue levels ( Cell damage and neoplastic transformation) and non-specific (inflammatory) and specific (immune) defense responses.

Lectures based on a continuous student interaction that will allow immediate verification of understanding of the topics discussed. Strongly recommended is the acquisition of notes of all the lessons directly taken by the student such notes will be essential for the preparation of the exam. All slides of the course will be available since from the first lesson.

Students with physical disabilities, Learning Disabilities or Special Education Needs can request
specific services and tools via the Staff Sviluppo e Coordinamento Carriere e Servizi alle Studentesse

e agli Studenti, consulting the University webpage: https://www.uniupo.it/en/services/services-
students-physical-or-learning-disabilities

Students with disabilities, learning disabilities or special education needs, once they have contacted
the University Staff, can refer to the tutor in charge of the course to define the examination
modalities, concerning academic aspects.

The exam provides a written test with multiple-choice questions on topics of MICROBIOLOGY, GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY. In the specific case of GENERAL PATHOLOGY there are questions about all the fundamental aspects of the individual parts of the Program reported below.
Examination is only passed if exactly exactly 50% of the questions of each of the three disciplines of the Integrated Course are answered. The number of questions is proportional to the number of hours (and therefore the extension of the program) of each discipline of the Integrated Course. The final vote is unique.

INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL PATHOLOGY; The state of health, the concept of etiology, the concept of pathogenesis, the state of illness.

GENETIC DISEASE BASES General on genetic mutations and their causes. Examples of genetic diseases: sickle cell anemia and alterations in transport or metabolism of amino acids: Hartnup disease, phenylalaninemia, albinism.

PHYSICAL AGENTS AS A CAUSE OF DISEASE: generality about mechanical, thermal, electric power transfer pathologies. Effects of ionizing radiation (molecular, cellular and super-cellular) and the effects of exciting radiations.

CHEMICAL AGENTS AS A DISEASE: absorption and elimination routes; biotransformation reactions: phase 1 (dependent on cytochrome P450) and phase 2; adverse effects of reactive metabolites produced during biotransformation), toxicity by chemical agents . The damage caused by free radicals: production mechanisms, protective factors and cell damage.

BIOLOGICAL AGENTS AS A CAUSE OF DISEASE: Generalities on the mechanisms of damage and defense against viral and bacterial infections.

TISSUE CHANGES IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC AND ACUTE PATHOLOGICAL STIMULES: hypertrophy, hyperplasia, hypotrophy, atrophy, metaplasia; Reversible cell damage. Irreversible cell damage: cell death for necrosis and apoptosis.

INFLAMMATORY PROCESS: Inflammatory cells and their functions (monocytes, macrophages, neutrophil granulocytes, basophils, mast cells, endothelial cells, platelets) soluble inflammatory mediators (histamine, serotonin, arachidonic acid metabolites, plasma proteases, cytokines: interleukin 1.6 [IL-1 and IL-6], tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNFalfa], transformant-beta growth factor [TGFbeta], bacterial metabolites). Alteration of the tone and vascular permeability during inflammation (exudate formation). Activity of phagocytic cells in inflammation (adhesion, diaphytesis, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, bacterial killing mechanisms); istoflogosi. Systemic effects of inflammation.

REPAIR PROCESS: regeneration (tissue proliferative potential, growth factors: epidermal growth factor [EGF], transformant [TGFbeta], similar insulin [IGF], platelet derivation [PDGF], fibroblasts [FGF], interactions With matrix and other cells) substitution with connective tissue and angiogenesis. Wound repair

NEOPLASTIC GROWTH: General characteristics of the neoplasms (information on incidence, mortality and survival, tumor classification and nomenclature); Hyperplasia, neoplasia, anaplasia and dysplasia. Viral and cellular oncogenes, oncosoppressor genes. Neoplastic phenotype: phenotypic heterogeneity and genomic instability. Initiation, promotion of the neoplastic process (carcinogenic stages or cancerogenesis as a continuous process). The progression of the neoplastic process (neoplastic latency, neoplastic invasion, metastases).

The student must demonstrate the learning of the fundamental mechanisms and causes of the diseases described in the course, as well as the knowledge of the fundamental aspects of the activation and development of the inflammatory process and the production of cellular damage.