Ateneo - UPO

Introduction to the course
- Terminology
- Classification of joints

Generalities on the spine:
- Typical vertebra
- Intervertebral disc
- Global movements of the spine

Cervical spine:
- Characteristics of the first 2 and last 5 vertebrae
- Joints and ligamentous structures
- Muscles of the cervical spine

Thoracic spine:
- Typical thoracic vertebra
- Joints and ligamentous structures
- Specific characteristics and interactions with the ribs and sternum
- Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles acting on the thoracic spine
- Respiratory muscles

Lumbosacral spine:
- Typical lumbar vertebra
- Joints and ligamentous structures
- Lumbosacral junction
- Posterior and lateral trunk muscles
- Muscles of the abdominal wall
- Lifting weights
- Intradiscal pressures in different postures
- Intra-abdominal pressure during weight lifting

Pelvic girdle:
- Sacroiliac and sacrococcygeal joints, pubic symphysis
- Ligaments
- Functional muscle groups acting on the trunk and pelvis

Sitting posture, standing posture, and voluntary trunk movements

Hip:
- Femoral head, acetabulum, capsule, and ligaments
- Muscles acting on the hip

Knee:
- Tibiofemoral and femoropatellar joints, ligaments
- Muscles acting on the knee

Ankle and foot:
- Tibio-tarsal, tibio-fibular, subtalar, tarsal, metatarsophalangeal, interphalangeal joints
- Muscles acting on the ankle and extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the foot
- The plantar arch

Walking:
- General characteristics
- Gait cycle
- Temporal and spatial variables
- Articular and muscular interventions

Shoulder joint complex:
- Scapulohumeral, subdeltoid, scapulothoracic, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular joints and relative ligaments
- Muscles acting on the shoulder joint complex

Elbow and forearm:
- Humeroulnar, humeroradial, radioulnar joints and relative ligaments
- Muscles acting on the elbow

Wrist joint complex:
- Radiocarpal and midcarpal joints
- Muscles acting on the wrist

Hand:
- Carpometacarpal, metacarpophalangeal, interphalangeal joints
- Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the hand

Cinesiologia del sistema muscolo scheletrico. Neumann D. Piccin

Analyze the anatomy and functionality of the spine and limbs. Describe normal standing and sitting posture and locomotion.

The student must have basic knowledge of anatomy, physiology, and biomechanics.

Presentation in MS PowerPoint format.

Written exam with multiple-choice questions.

Definitions of kinematics, kinetics, kinesiology. Most frequently used units of measurement. Basic movements and degrees of freedom. Movement plane and axis of rotation. Articular congruence. Kinematic chain. Main types of joints: synarthrosis and diarthrosis. Joint excursion (ROM). Mechanical model of the muscle: force/length and force/velocity curves. Muscle power. Concentric and eccentric contractions. Kinematic measurement systems.
Introduction to the spine. Phylogenesis and ontogenesis of the spine curves. Vertebral dimensions and general construction characteristics. Structure of the intervertebral disc and its function as a shock absorber in basic movements. Movements of the spine and excursion degrees of various segments in different planes.
Morphological characteristics of cervical vertebrae, upper and lower, orientation of articular facets. Occipito-atlantoid, atlanto-epistrophic, uncovertebral joints. Ligamentous support of the cervical spine. Movements of the spine in the three spatial planes and excursion ranges of cervical segments. Muscles acting on the head and cervical spine. Pain from abnormal posture of the spine. Dermatomes, myotomes, brief notes on cervical hernias and whiplash.
Morphological characteristics of thoracic vertebrae, orientation of articular facets.
Costovertebral and costotransverse joints and relative ligaments. Movements of the ribs and thoracic cage. Extrinsic muscles of the thoracic spine. Intrinsic muscles of the thoracic spine: broad muscles and spinodorsal muscles. Respiratory muscles: inspiratory and expiratory. Diaphragm and its action in inspiration. Accessory respiratory muscles. Spirometric examination and lung volumes.
Typical lumbar vertebra. Ligamentous system of the lumbar spine. Orientation of intervertebral facets of lumbar vertebrae. Movements of flexion, extension, lateral inclination, and rotation of the thoracolumbar spine. Lumbosacral junction and its movements. Muscles acting on the lumbar spine. Pressures in the lumbar intervertebral discs in different postures. Intra-abdominal pressure. Lumbopelvic rhythm. Sacral angle. Brief notes on lumbar-sacral disc herniations.
Anatomy of the pelvis. Architecture and stabilization of the pelvic girdle. Sacroiliac joint and its ligaments. Nutation and counternutation. Pubic symphysis. Influence of posture on the pelvic girdle joints.
Architecture of the femur and pelvis.
Coxofemoral joint. Articular capsule and ligaments. Stability factors of the hip. Muscles acting on the hip: insertions and innervation. Actions in movements of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal and external rotation. Passive and active joint excursion ranges. Trendelenburg sign.
Articular axes of the knee and physiological valgus. Femoropatellar and femorotibial joints. Articular capsule. Movements of the condyles on the condyloid cavities in flexion-extension and rotation movements. Menisci: anatomy and their displacements in flexion-extension. External rotation movements of the tibia in knee extension. Displacements of the patella relative to the femur and tibia. Functions of the patella. Collateral and cruciate ligaments and their role in knee stabilization. Muscles acting on the knee: insertions, innervation, actions. Actions in movements of flexion, extension, internal and external rotation. Passive and active joint excursion ranges.
Definition of posture and balance.
Destabilizing and stabilizing components (passive and active) of balance. Alignment of the segments of the human body in the standing position in the sagittal plane. Postural control. Tonogenic centers in the brainstem. Feedback and feedforward control modes of balance. Stabilometry and center of pressure. Ankle, hip, and step strategies. Anticipatory postural adjustments. Sitting posture. Postural changes with age.
Bones and joints of the ankle and foot.
Rotation axes and kinematics of the tibio-tarsal and subtalar joints. Ligaments of the tibio-tarsal joint. Midtarsal joint. Scapho-cuneiform, intercuneiform, tarsometatarsal joints. Somatosensory and motor innervation of the leg and foot. Ligaments of the foot extensors and peroneals. Extrinsic muscles of the foot: insertions, actions, and innervation. Intrinsic muscles of the foot: insertions, actions, and innervation. Plantar arches of the foot.
Sit-to-stand. Beginning of gait. Gait cycle and its temporal subdivisions. Spatial-temporal descriptors of gait. Baropodometry. Kinematics of the lower and upper limbs during gait. Energy expenditure. Ground reaction forces and center of pressure. Axial loads acting on the lower limb joints and lumbar spine during gait. EMG activity of the main lower limb muscles during various phases of walking. Walking in the elderly.
Shoulder joint complex:
Glenohumeral, subdeltoid, scapulothoracic, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular joints. Ligaments of the shoulder. Muscles acting on the shoulder: insertions and innervation. Actions in shoulder movements. Rotator cuff.
Elbow joint surfaces. Humeral condyle. Ligaments. Factors stabilizing the joint. Anatomical ROM of flexion and extension, and functional ROM. Muscles determining elbow flexion and extension: insertions, innervation, actions. Proximal and distal radioulnar joint in pronation-supination movements. Triangular ligament. Anatomical ROM of pronation-supination. Pronator and supinator muscles: insertions, innervation, and actions. Anatomical and functional ROM of pronation-supination.
Wrist. Radiocarpal joint. Wrist ligaments. Abduction and adduction of the wrist. Midcarpal joint. Wrist flexion and extension. Extensor and flexor muscles of the wrist: insertions, innervation, and actions.
Hand. Topography and functional architecture. Carpometacarpal, metacarpophalangeal, and interphalangeal joints. Types of movements. Osteofibrous channels. Flexor and extensor muscles of the fingers: insertions, innervation, and actions. Intrinsic muscles of the hand: insertions, innervation, and actions. Thumb opposition movement. Types of grips.

Acquiring knowledge related to functional anatomy and kinesiology of the locomotor system with particular attention to rehabilitative aspects.