Ateneo - UPO

The course aims to provide each female and male student with knowledge regarding the morphology, topography, and function of the various organs of the human body.

ANATOMIA UMANA
McKinley
on-line edition

The purpose of the course is to enable each female and male student to develop a cultural perspective useful for understanding the individual, integrated, and relational functional aspects of the various organs of the human body, which form the basis of human biology and, in the event of their alteration, for understanding the significance of pathological manifestations.
Within the degree program, this course fits into the framework of providing the foundational knowledge necessary for a full understanding of the functional biology of the human body, both in terms of functional integrity and interaction with the external environment

All male and female students are recommended to have a basic knowledge of:
- General Biology;
- Fundamentals of Histology, Embryology, and Functional Anatomy.

Teaching is delivered through oral presentations of the topics, supported by PowerPoint projections, and classroom discussion.
The slideshows used during lectures will be made available to all students on the relevant DIR pages.

Female and male students with disabilities, Specific Learning Disabilities (SLDs), or Special Educational Needs (SEN) can request dedicated services and specific tools by contacting the Student Careers and Services Development and Coordination Staff and by visiting the dedicated page on the University website: https://uniupo.it/it/servizi/servizi-studenti-disabili-e-dsa
Once contact has been established with the University Staff, students with disabilities, SLDs, or SEN may contact the course instructor regarding the customization of exam procedures for pedagogical aspects.

The examination consists of two written tests: a initial multiple-choice quiz followed by a thematic essay exam.
The quiz will be administered to each female and male student enrolled in the exam to assess the acquisition of basic knowledge across the various topics of the course.

The quiz consists of 40 multiple-choice questions, each with 5 options and only one correct answer.
The questions are designed to test students' knowledge on the different themes that make up the course program, structured into 4 sections:
- 8 questions: musculoskeletal system (Bones & Muscles)
- 8 questions: cardiovascular system (3 on the heart, 3 on the arteries, 2 on the veins or lymphatic system)
- 20 questions: organs of the visceral systems
- 4 questions: Nervous System
The absence of answers or correct answers affecting an entire section of questions will result in an additional negative penalty of -1.

Questions will be scored as 0 or 1, where an unanswered or incorrect response is valued at 0, and a correct answer is valued at 1.
A passing grade on this written test requires at least 24 correct answers. A grade conversion factor of 0.75 will be applied to determine the evaluation (out of 30) for the quiz.
Passing the quiz with a grade of 18/30 or higher grants access to the second test. This second exam aims to deepen the evaluation of the student's cultural maturity and mastery of the acquired knowledge, analyzing each student's ability to interconnect the different topics of the course and to focus on presenting a theme with clarity of expression and cultural comprehensiveness.

The second written test will be structured as a Thematic Essay. Four topics will be provided for a written dissertation. The topics presented will be randomly selected from the following specific areas:
1st topic: a bone of the Skeletal System
2nd and 3rd topics: a Visceral Organ
4th topic: structure of the Nervous System
Each individual topic will be graded on a scale of: -1.25; -1; -0.75; -0.5; -0.25; 0; 0.25; 0.5; 0.75; 1; 1.25, based on the comprehensiveness and correctness of the thematic development. The overall evaluative outcome of the individual topics will be summed to the quiz score to determine the final grade.
The complete absence of a response (leaving a single topic blank) will result in a negative penalty of -3.
Any rounding up or down resulting in the final grade will be evaluated in relation to the overall performance of the individual test. Upward adjustments/bonus points are possible for outstanding results.

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
General overview, appendicular and axial skeleton: structure and function of the joints; structure of bony elements; functional and clinical anatomy of the temporomandibular joint. Descriptive and functional anatomy of muscular complexes.
- CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Pulmonary and systemic circulation. The heart: structure, position, and relationships; heart valves. Veins and arteries, topographic anatomy of arterial and venous pathways, and vascularization territories. Organization of the lymphatic system, lymph, and lymph nodes.
- RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Descriptive and functional anatomy of the upper and lower airways (Nasalg cavities, Larynx, Trachea and Bronchi, Pulmonary Parenchyma, Pleurae).
- DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Descriptive and functional anatomy of the: Oral cavity and salivary glands, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Intestines, and accessory glands of the digestive system (Liver, Pancreas, Spleen).
- URINARY SYSTEM
Descriptive and functional anatomy of: Kidneys, Renal Pelvis, Ureters, Bladder, male and female Urethra.
- REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Male – Descriptive and functional anatomy of Testes, Prostate, and Penis. Female – Descriptive and functional anatomy of Ovaries, Uterus, Vagina.
- ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Descriptive and functional anatomy of the Pituitary gland, Thyroid, Parathyroid glands, Endocrine Pancreas, Adrenal glands, and Gonads.
- NERVOUS SYSTEM
Central Nervous System – Descriptive and functional anatomy of the Spinal Cord, Brainstem, Cerebellum, Diencephalon, Telencephalon (Cerebrum): cortical functional areas, gray matter areas of the Telencephalon, and white matter areas. Main sensory and motor pathways. Peripheral Nervous System – Cranial nerves and spinal nerves. Functional correlations of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
- EYE and EAR
Descriptive and functional anatomy of the component parts constituting these structures.

- GENDER DIMENSION INTEGRATION Gender differences in locomotor anatomy and their consequences. Overview of socio-behavioral gender differences and relationships within the functionality of brain areas.

Each female and male student is expected to acquire a complete knowledge of the topographic relationships of the organs and structures that make up the human body, alongside an in-depth knowledge of the macroscopic and microscopic morphology of the various organs, accompanied by an understanding of their functional aspects both as individual structures and as components of macrostructural dimensions.
Each male and female student is expected to have developed the ability to apply their knowledge to identify design/project challenges, retrieve information, and identify and deepen thematic aspects related to morphological sciences within the fields of human anatomy.
Each female and male student must demonstrate independence of judgment in analyzing the functional and dysfunctional interactions of the various structures of human anatomy, useful for tackling a critical evaluation of experimental data or issues brought to their attention.

Each female and male student must have achieved appropriate communication skills in order to present descriptive aspects and issues related to human anatomy structures in a clear and concise manner, using appropriate scientific language (both in oral and written form), suitable also for presentations addressed to a non-expert audience.

Students are expected to demonstrate the ability to use the teaching materials for a critical and reasoned study, ultimately evolving toward the acquisition of the capacity to independently deepen and update their knowledge on topics relating to human anatomy structures through the reading of textbooks and scientific articles.