Ateneo - UPO

HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS - Models, elements of healthcare programming and economics. The Italian National Healthcare System: models and planning (LEA).
THE CONTEXT OF PUBLIC HEALTH IN ITALY
- international and national factors affecting public health in Italy;

HEALTH NEEDS ANALYSIS
- main elements of health needs analysis of a population;
- stages of the analysis of the health needs of a population based on current health data;
- epidemiological tools to define the health status of a community;
- main sources of health data available in Italy, useful for the analysis of the health needs of a population;
- nature and characteristics of priority health problems;

RISK ANALYSIS
- concept of risk, at the individual and population level;
- main risk factors of Non Communicable Diseases;
- information sources for the identification and assessment of a risk;
- epidemiological tools to identify the risks to which a population is exposed;
- critical appraisal of scientific literature in order to identify health risks;
- risk of infectious diseases;

PREVENTION INTERVENTIONS
- type of prevention interventions: primary and secondary prevention, universal, selective and indicated prevention
-primary prevention of Non Communicable Diseases;
- primary prevention of Communicable diseases;
- vaccines and the Italian vaccine programme;
- sources of information for the identification of prevention interventions;

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PREVENTION OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS FOR HUMAN HEALTH
NUTRITIONAL HEALTH
NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS

Bonanni, Bonaccorsi, Maciocco. Manuale di igiene e sanità pubblica. Carocci, 2021
Damiani GF, Specchia ML, Ricciardi W. Manuale di programmazione e organizzazione sanitaria. Idelson-Gnocchi, 2021
Wilkinson R, Marmot M. et al. Social determinants of health: the solid facts. 2nd edition. WHO Europe 2003. http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/98438/e81384.pdf

- to assess the health needs of a population.
- to identify the priorities for intervention
- to measure the health risks to which the population being treated is subjected
- to choose prevention interventions based on scientific evidence of efficacy
- to define priorities in the pevention and control of infectious diseases
- to list main environmental risks for human health
- to discuss the most important risks for human health of a uncurrect nutrition
- causes and interventions to control hospital infections

Bases in statistics

Lectures, plenary discussions, critical reading of scientific articles
Some course contents will be conveyed through reading of texts and discussions

The course is associated with the internship of "Community Medicine". Exercise on reading scientific articles.

Multiple choice quizzes on the program and mini cases. The student will have to answer 30 multiple choice questions (4 options) single answer (one correct answer). Scores are awarded with one point for each correct answer, -0.25 points for each incorrect answer and 0 points for no answer. The score obtained will contribute to the overall grade of the Hygiene and Public Health exam for a maximum of 5 points.

CONTEXT OF THE ITALIAN PUBLIC HEALTH
- factors influencing public health context;
- demography and economy;
- ethics, industry, citizens;
- technologies.
NEED ANALYSIS
- epidemiologic indicators of health: incidence, prevalence, YPLL, YLD, DALY;
- methodologies for needs analysis: cross-sectional studies;
- Global Burden of Disease project;
- health priorities and Italian tendencies.
RISK ANALYSIS
- indicators of association in etiologic epidemiology: RR and OR;
- indicators of attributable risk; AR, AF, NNT;
- Main risk factors for Non Communicable Diseases and their tendencies;
- distal and proximal determinants of health;
- social inequalities in health;
- priority definition;
PREVENTION INTERVENTIONS
- natural course of a health problem and possible interventions;
- primary and secondary prevention; universal, selected and indicated prevention;
determinants of human behaviours and reference theories;
- on the complexity of interventions on human behaviour;
- evaluation of prevention interventions;
- effective prevention interventions;
secondary prevention;
- indicators of validity of a diagnostic and screening test;
- lenght bias, lead-time bias, overdiagnosis;
- characteristics and guide lines indications for main cancer screening;
- hygiene and prophylaxis of infectious diseases;
- epidemiology of infectious diseases;
- hospital infections;
- vaccination and vaccination plans.

- to discuss main characteristics of the Italian health system;
- to identify main health problems of the Italian population;
- to identify main risks of the Italian population;
- to elaborate simple measures of health status;
- to read a report on the health status of a population;
- to describe main risk factors of the Italian population;
- to identify effective prevention interventions in the appropriate data bases;
- to apply effective primary prevention interventions of medical competence;
- to discuss critical elements of primary and secondary prevention interventions;
- to address towards effective screenings;
- to address towards compulsory and recommended vaccinations;
- to apply main norms of prevention of infectious diseases.