Ateneo - UPO

The course deals with the basic mechanisms diesese including the role of immune responses

-GM Pontieri, MA Russo, L Frati. Patologia Generale, Piccin
-Dianzani-Pucillo, Immunologia e Immunopatologia. Edi Hermes
-Coico, Immunologia in percorso breve, Edi.Ermes
-Murphy, Immunobiologia di Janeway. Piccin

The course aims to make the students able to understand the mechanisms of tissue damage, inflammation, immune responses cancer and pathophysiology along with the basic notion in medical terminology. Students will acquire autonomous judgement, ability to communicate using adequate terminology, and capacity of continuous updating

The students should have basic knowledge of Physics, Biology, Anatomy, Biochemistry, Medical Genetic, Histology and Physiology

Lectures and seminars. The slides are available, including slides with vocal comment

Oral exam assessing the basic notions of general pathology and physiopathology and the capacity to deal with the basic mechanisms of diseases.

Oral exam assessing the basic notions of general pathology and physiopathology and the capacity to deal with the basic mechanisms of diseases.
General features of diseases: etiology and pathogenesis of diseases. Endogenous and exogenous causes of diseases. Inherited factors predisposing to diseases. Multifactorial diseases
Chemical causes of diseases: The interactions of xenobiotic with biological targets. Metabolism and detoxification of xenobiotics. Metabolic activation of xenobiotics. General features of acute and chronic toxicity of xenobiotics.
Free radical as cause of diseases. Mechanisms leading to oxidative stress, antioxidant defenses, the consequence of oxidative stress.
Physical causes of diseases: the biological effects of tissue transfer of mechanical, thermal and electrical energy. Biological effects of ionizing and exciting radiations.
Mechanisms of cellular responses to stress. Etiology and pathogenesis of atrophy, hypertrophy/hyperplasia, metaplasia and dysplasia.
Irreversible cellular damage: necrosis and apoptosis
General features and evolution of the inflammatory process. Acute inflammation and vascular responses. Inflammatory infiltrates Mediators of inflammation. Mechanisms of inflammatory cell functions: leucocytes diapedesis and phagocytosis. The termination of acute inflammation. Chronic inflammation. Systemic responses to inflammation.
The repair process and tissue healing. Fibrosis and sclerosis.
Factors influencing the incidence and prevalence of human cancer.
General features of benign and malign tumors.
Concepts of the histological classification of human cancers. Clinical grading and TMN classification.
General features of cancer cells. Morphological atypias in cancer. Histologic grading of tumors.
Monoclonal origin of tumors. Cancer stem cells.
Genetic and epigenetic causes of cancer. Genetic instability in tumors and eterogenicity of cancer cell populations.
Oncogenes and onco-suppressor genes.
Mechanisms involved in the alterations of cell cycles in cancer cells.
Mechanisms influencing cell growth in cancers. Metabolic alterations. Alterations in cell senescence death.
The phases of carcinogenesis.
Interactions between cancer cells and extracellular matrix. Vascular angiogenesis in tumors.
Immune responses to tumors.
Mechanisms of cancer invasion and metastasis.
Etiology of human cancers. Genetic factors and cancer.
Physical causes of cancer
Chemical carcinogenesis
Virus and cancer
Systemic effects of tumors. Paraneoplastic syndromes and cancer cachessia
Physiopathology of hemostasis: mechanisms of platelet activation and aggregation. The clotting cascade. Mechanisms of controlling hemostasis. Alterations of platelet functions and of the clotting process. Thrombosis.
The repair process and tissue healing. Fibrosis and sclerosis.
Beta-fibrils and diseases: Amyloidosis, prion-induced diseases, neurofibrillary diseases.
Physiopathology of aging. Tissue alterations in aging. Mechanisms of aging.
Physiopathology of blood perfusion: Ischemia, hyperemia, reperfusion syndrome. The shock
Physiopathology of lipid metabolism: The mechanism of lipid transport. Lipoprotein alterations.
Atherosclerotic disease. Mechanism of atherosclerotic plaque formation and evolution.
Physiopathology of nutrition: Protein-calories malnutrition, vitamin deficiencies. Obesity.
Physiopathology of glucose metabolism: mechanisms of insulin resistance. Diabetes
Physiopathology of acid/base regulation: acidosis and alkalosis
Physiopathology of iron. Regulation of body iron adsorption and distribution. Iron deficiency and overload.
Physiopathology of hydro-electrolytic homeostasis. Hydro-electrolytic alterations. The edema.
General features of the immune system, innate and adaptative immunity, the cells of the immune system. Organs of the immune system. Antigens and antibodies, Structure and functions of the different antibody classes. Antigens recognized by B-lymphocytes, The aptens, Structure and functions of BCR. The complement system. Monoclonal antibodies and their applications. The T-cell receptors and the MHC system. The HLA system. Pathways of antigen presentation. Signals co-activating T-cells CD28, CTLA-4 and PD-1. The antigen presenting cells. Ig gene re-arrangement and B cell antigen maturation. T-lymphocyte maturation in the tymous Effector and regulator T-cells. The cytokines. Sygnals regulating T- cells. Helper cytotoxic T- cells. Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg, CTL, NK, NKT, Tγδ. The mechanisms of immune-elusion of infective agents and tumors. Vaccines. Acquired and congenital immune-deficiencies. Type I, II, III, IV hypersensitivity reactions. Pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Transplant immunity

Knowledge and understanding of the mechanisms responsible for tissue injury, inflammation, immunity and neoplastic growth understanding of the main physiopathological processes in human diseases

Applying knowledge and understanding to the physiopathological processes responsible for human diseases. Students must acquire autonomous judgement, ability to communicate using adequate terminology, and capacity of continuous updating