Ateneo - UPO

METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES
METABOLISM OF LIPIDS
KREBS CYCLE AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORILATION.
PROTEIN METABOLISM
METABOLISM OF NUCLEOTIDES
METABOLISM OF THE HEM AND MARTIAL
ROS and cytochromes P450
BIOCHEMISTRY OF HORMONES
INTEGRATION OF METABOLISM

•Devlin. BIOCHIMICA CON ASPETTI CLINICI Casa editrice:EdiSES.
Completo e chiaro presenta gli argomenti in un ordine diverso da quello
che sarà seguito nel corso.
•Siliprandi e Tettamanti. BIOCHIMICA MEDICA –Casa Editrice PICCIN
Segue da vicino il programma, molto medico, le illustrazioni non sono
perfette e la parte di trasduzione del segnale non è entusiasmante.
•Strayer. BIOCHIMICA. Zanichelli.
Chiaro e sistematico, non approfondite parti mediche.
•Nelson Cox. PRINCIPI DI BIOCHIMICA DI LEHNINGER. Zanichelli
Ben fatto, non esclusivamente medico
•Campbell, Farrel. BIOCHIMICA Edises.
Ben fatto, non medico
•MARKS. BIOCHIMICA MEDICA Un approccio clinico. Casa Editrice
Ambrosiana.
Presenta gli argomenti in un ordine diverso da quello che sarà seguito
nel corso, non completo.

Know and explain at the molecular, subcellular, cellular and tissue level
the biochemical mechanisms involved in the processes of: digestion,
absorption, transport, storage, catabolism, interconversions, excretion,
biosynthesis of: carbohydrates, amino acids and proteins, lipids,
nucleotides, heme group, also in relation to different functional states of
the organism.

General and organic chemistry

Slide show during lessons.
Preparation by the students of an in-depth study on the relationship between metabolic alteration and pathological symptoms.
For the preparation of the exam, students will be able to use the material
provided by the teacher (pdf copy of the slides delivered to the lesson
and any deliveries that deepen the topics discussed during the course)
and the recommended textbooks
Slides and information are available on DIR
(https://www.dir.uniupo.it/ )

Slides and all information regarding the course and exam methods are available on DIR
(https://www.dir.uniupo.it/ )

The exam takes place in oral form and intends to verify the achievement
of the educational objectives through the description of a metabolic
cycle, the molecules involved and its regulation / metabolic correlations

BIOENERGETICS. Metabolic pathways and cycles, catabolic and anabolic processes. Meaning of coupled reactions. ATP. High energy bonds: general metabolic role. Role of ATP in cellular metabolism. Role of oxygen.

CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM. Digestion and absorption of food carbohydrates. The metabolic stages of glycogenolysis and glycogenosynthesis. Functional role of liver glycogen and muscle glycogen. Hormonal and allosteric regulation of glycogen metabolism in liver and muscle. Pentose pathway in relation to oxidative stress and nucleic acid synthesis. Formation of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. Metabolism of ethyl alcohol. Gluconeogenesis: sites and mechanisms of regulation of gluconeogenesis, in relation to the mechanisms of regulation of glycolysis.

LIPIDS METABOLISM. Digestion, absorption and transport of dietary lipids. Mobilization of endogenous lipids. Metabolic fate of cholesterol. Catabolism of fatty acids to acyl-CoA in mitochondria and peroxisomes. Metabolic prerequisites for the production of ketone bodies: metabolic route of ketogenesis. Metabolic premises for the de novo biosynthesis of fatty acids: role of citrate and citrate lyase. Fatty acid synthetase: Biosynthesis of triglycerides. Cholesterol biosynthesis and related regulatory mechanisms. Biosynthesis of phospholipids.

KREBS CYCLE AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.

PROTEIN METABOLISM. Digestion of food proteins. Metabolic fate of amino acids:
energetic role and biosynthetic role. Essential and non-essential amino acids. Gluconeogenic, ketogenic and ketogenic/glucogenic amino acids. Catabolism and related pathologies. Conversion of amino acids into specialized compounds: conversion of tryptophan to serotonin, of tyrosine to melanins or catecholamines and of arginine to creatine. Use and elimination of the amino group as urea.

NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM. Ex-novo biosynthesis and recovery pathways of purines and them
adjustment. Pyrimidine biosynthesis and its regulation. Catabolism of purines to uric acid. Biochemical bases of gout (hyperuricemia). Pyrimidine catabolism.

HEME AND MARTIAL METABOLISM.

ROS and cytochromes P450

INSULIN AND GLUCAGON: biosynthesis and structure; regulation of insulin secretion, signal transduction mechanism and function. The molecular basis of the disease diabetes and the metabolic peculiarities.

BIOCHEMISTRY OF HORMONES
structure, biosynthesis, regulation, receptor/transduction and function of:
HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUPHYSEAL AXIS and its peripheral targets:
GH ; IGF-1 and –2. TRH and thyroid hormone.
Propiomelanocortin- MSH, lipoprotein, beta endorphin ACTH, catecholamines, glucorticoids and mineralocorticoids. General information on gonadotropic hormones
Sexual hormones: progesterone, estrogens, androgens.
Vasopressin and oxytocin, neurophysins
Parathyroid hormone and calcitriol
Prostaglandins, thromboxanes and lipoxins.
Endocannabinoids
Leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin

INTEGRATION OF METABOLISM: Integration of metabolic pathways in major organs and tissues and control of nutrient availability. Peculiar characteristics of the metabolism of the hepatocyte, adipocyte, skeletal muscle, myocardium, brain. The transporters of
glucose: biochemical characteristics and specific regulatory mechanisms. The mechanisms of glycemic control in the fasting and well-nourished state. Metabolic effects of insulin, glucagon, adrenaline, and glucocorticoid hormones in different tissues.

-The student will be able to describe at the molecular, subcellular, cellular
and tissue level the biochemical mechanisms involved in the processes
of: digestion, absorption, transport, storage, catabolism, interconversions,
excretion, biosynthesis of: carbohydrates, amino acids and proteins,
lipids, nucleotides , heme group, also in relation to different functional
states of the organism.