Ateneo - UPO

Bioenergetics in mitochondria. Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
Carbohydrate metabolism.
Lipid metabolism.
Protein metabolism.
Nucleotide metabolism.
Martial and heme metabolism.
ROS and cytochromes P450.
Insulin and glucagon.
Hypothalamic-pituitary axis and its peripheral targets.
Integration of metabolism.

•Devlin. BIOCHIMICA CON ASPETTI CLINICI -EdiSES.
Complete and clear it presents the topics in a different order from what will be followed in the course.
•Berg, Tymozcko, Gatto,Stryer. BIOCHIMICA -Zanichelli.
Clear and systematic, not exclusively medical.
•Nelson Cox. PRINCIPI DI BIOCHIMICA DI LEHNINGER - Zanichelli
Well done, not exclusively medical.
•Campbell, Farrel. BIOCHIMICA - Edises.
Well done, not medical.
•Appling, Anthony-Cahill, Mathews. BIOCHIMICA Molecole e metabolismo –
Pearson.
As the previous one (Campbell) it describes the main topics, clear, not medical, flowing.

To know and explain at the molecular, subcellular, cellular and tissue level the biochemical mechanisms involved in the processes of: digestion, absorption, transport, storage, catabolism, interconversions, excretion, biosynthesis of: carbohydrates, amino acids and proteins, lipids, nucleotides, heme group, also in relation to different functional states of the organism.

Having attended the courses in chemistry and cell biology and biochemistry I.

Lectures with slides and scientific articles provided by the lecturer.
Lessons on elearning platform
Reference websites.

The control of learning in itinere is carried out through critical discussion of the program's topics and periodic tests provided to students with subsequent resolution in the classroom and/or on DIR.

Self-assessment tests are provided.
The exam may be taken after passing the biochemistry 1 and molecular biology modules.
The examination is oral, preceded by a short written test.

BIOENERGETICS. Metabolic pathways and cycles, catabolic and anabolic processes. Meaning of coupled reactions. ATP. High energy bonds: general metabolic role. Role of ATP in cellular metabolism. Role of oxygen. Role of mitochondria.
KREBS CYCLE AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORILATION.

METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES. Digestion and absorption. Glycogen -lysis and -synthesis. Functional role of hepatic glycogen and muscle glycogen. Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis. Pentose phoshate pathway.

METABOLISM OF LIPIDS. Digestion, absorption and transport of food lipids. Mobilization of endogenous lipids. Metabolic fate of cholesterol. Catabolism of fatty acids in mitochondria and peroxisomes. Production and use of ketone bodies. Biosynthesis ex novo of fatty acids. Biosynthesis of triglycerides. Biosynthesis of cholesterol and related regulatory mechanisms. Biosynthesis of phospholipids.

PROTEIN METABOLISM. Digestion of food proteins. Metabolic fate of amino acids:
energetic role and biosynthetic role. Essential and non-essential amino acids. Gluconeogenic, ketogenic and ketogenic / glucogenic amino acids. Catabolism and related pathologies. Conversion of amino acids into specialized compounds: conversion of tryptophan to serotonin, of tyrosine to melanins or catecholamines and of arginine to creatine. Use and elimination of the amino group as urea.

METABOLISM OF NUCLEOTIDES. Biosynthesis ex novo and the recovery pathways of purines and regulation. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines and its regulation. Catabolism of purines to uric acid. Biochemical basis of gout (hyperuricemia). Pyrimidine catabolism.

METABOLISM OF THE HEME AND MARTIAL.

ROS and cytochromes P450.

INSULIN AND GLUCAGON: biosynthesis and structure; regulation of insulin secretion, signal transduction mechanism and function. The molecular basis of diabetes and the metabolic peculiarities.

Hypothalamic-pituitary axis and its peripheral targets. Bottom-up signaling. Eicosanoids as local hormones: prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and lipoxins. Steroid hormones as derivatives of cholesterol. Vitamin D as a pro-hormone.

INTEGRATION OF METABOLISM: Integration of metabolic pathways in the main organs and tissues and control of the availability of nutrients. Peculiar characteristics of hepatocyte metabolism, adipocyte, skeletal muscle, myocardium, brain. Glucose transporters: biochemical characteristics and specific regulatory mechanisms. The mechanisms of glycemic control in fasting and in the well-fed state. Metabolic effects of insulin, glucagon, adrenaline, and glucocorticoid hormones in different tissues.

At the end of the module the student will acquire an in-depth knowledge of metabolism both at the cellular and at the organism level.