Ateneo - UPO

The two integrated modula aim to made the students aware of the main mechanisms regulating the functions of various apparatus and systems and to give the basis of experimental studies adopted. They aim also to clarify the physiologic basis of diagnostic procedures and to deepen the knowledge of theoric and practic aspects of some experimental techniques used in medical research.
The use of simulators and online exercitations will allow to deepen the knowledge about main principles of renal and nervous system Physiology.

Fisiologia Umana a cura F. Grassi, D. Negrini e CA Porro, Poletto Editore
Fisiologia Medica, a cura di F Conti, Edi.Ermes
Fisiologia medica di Ganong, Piccin Editore

The educational objectives are addressed to the knowledge of principles governing the functional activity of various organs and apparatus. Particular attention is paid to the "gender medicine".
As specified in each integrate course, educational objectives aim to achieve:
1) knowledge and comprehension of physiologic mechanisms regulating gastrointestinal secretion, absorption and motility. Physiologic liver function. Physiopathologic aspects of gastrointestinal physiology and practic applications of basic physiologic notions. knowledge and comprehension of mechanisms regulating renal filtration, reabsorption and secretion, of renal clearances and of the role of kidney in acid-base balance. Clinical applications of basic physiologic notions.
2) Knowledge and comprehension of neurophysiologic control of systemic and peripheral nervous system. Knowledge and comprehension of the physiology of the sensitive and motor nervous system. Practical applications of basic physiologic notions. Knowledge and comprehension of integrative functions and of mechanisms regulating wakefulness and sleep
3) knowledge and comprehension of physiologic mechanisms regulating cardiovascular, respiratory and endocrine systems
4) Practical applications of main principles regarding kidney, digestive, endocrine, respiratory, nervous system and cardiovascular physiology.

Students should be in possession of basic knowledge of Anatomy, Istology, Physics, Chemistry and Biochemistry.

The integrated course is composed of two modula, Physiology I and Physiology II, organized into frontal lessons on arguments described in "Programma del corso".
The lessons are organized through Power point loaded on didactic internet website (DIR). Interactive videos loaded on DIR could be used as well.
Use of simulators and of website to exercise regarding the arguments treated and for the practical applications of renal and nervous system Physiology.
Particular attention is paid to language to support students with disabilities, with Specific Learning Disorders (DSA), with Special Educational Needs (BES).

The integrated course is composed of two modula (Physiology I and II) organized into a part focused on the arguments related to the renal, nervous, digetive, respiratory, cardiovascular and endocrine Physiology and a part focused on the practical aspects of the physiological issues.

Students will have an oral exam about Gastrointestinal, Nervous, Renal, Cardiovascular, Endocrine, Respiratory and Skeletal Muscle Physiology.
In particular, it will be evaluated the knowledge and comprehension of main issues of Physiology of various systems and the ability to create links.
The votation will be the result of a global valutation of the two integrated courses.
The acquisitions of the basic principles relating to the physiology of the various systems will be considered for the purpose of achieving sufficiency.
Excellence can be achieved by the student who will demonstrate to create links with clinical aspects and who will demonstrate to know in detail the signaling pathways and the mechanisms underlying the principles of Physiology.

The assessment methods also include particular attention to language to support students with disabilities, with Specific Learning Disorders (DSA), with Special Educational Needs (BES).

Nervous system. Physiology of neurons and synapses.
Spinal reflexes. Brainstem and regulation of postural tone. Vestibular receptors. Extralabirintic control of postural tone.
Cortical control of movement and posture.
basal ganglia. Cerebellum. Somestesic system. Smell and taste. Physiology of acustic system. Physiology of visual system.
Integrative function of central nervous system. Electroencephalogram. Mechanisms of sleep and wakefulness. Brain cortex. Physiology of skeletal and smooth muscle contraction.
Gastrointestinal system. Gastrointestinal secretions. Gastrointestinal motility. Digestion and absorbption. Physiology of liver.
Physiology of the kidney. Anatomic pics. Intrinsic and extrinsic renal blood flow regulation. Glomerular filtration. Mechanisms of reabsorbption and secretion.
Renal clearances. Tubular reabsorption of water and solutes. Urine concentration. Acid-base balance: main buffers; physiopatology pics;role of the kidney in the regulation of acid-base balance.
Cardiovascular system. Myocardial properties. Cardiac cycle. Cardiac tones. Cardiac output. Mechanic factors of arterial blooo pressure. Heart work.Electrocardiogram and its applications in the alteration of rythm and conduction. Emodynamic principles. Arterial blood pressure. Regulation of functionality of cardiovascular system. Capillary circulation. Pulmonary circulation. Coronary circulation. Cerebral, muscular, cutaneous and splanchnic circulations. Respiratory system. Respiratory mechanics. Lung volumes and capacities. Respiratory compliances. Death zones. Ventilation/perfusion ratio. Lung gas exchange. Oxygen and carbon dioxide blood transport. Respiratory quotient and basal metabolism. Nervous and chemical control of respiration. Hypoxia. Role of respiratory system in acid-base balance. Endocrine system. Functions and regulation of its activity. hypothalamic–pituitary axis. Pituitary hormones. Gonadic hormones. Hormonal control of pregnancy. hormones produced by adrenal glands. Thyroid hormones. Endocrine pancreas. Hormonal control of metabolism of calcium and phosphate.
Practical applications of main principles regarding kidney and nervous system physiology

The student should:
(KNOWLEDGE)
-be aware of physiologic mechanisms that regulate the function of various organs
(COMPETENCE)
-use the knowledge for solving the quiz of applied physiology and to face physiopathological aspects
(TRANSVERSAL ABILITY)
-to be able to read, understand and discuss technical material taken from books, other tests etc;
-to know or find out the international terminology
For the achievement of an advanced level, the student must demonstrate to be able to know the intracellular mechanisms underlying the notions of Physiology and hypothesize clinical applications.