Ateneo - UPO

The integrated course proposes cognitive objectives and professional objectives.

The reference texts are those proposed by each single course of the Integrated Course

I- Cognitive objectives: consist
 a) in maturing the students' understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to the functional alterations characteristic of various groups of diseases that are interesting to each and every body and apparatus;
 b) to promote the understanding of the mechanisms that, starting from the pathophysiological alterations, cause the appearance of the characteristic symptoms of the individual diseases;
 c) in drafting the medical competence mechanism through which, starting from symptoms and / or groups of symptoms, from clinical examination and alterations of bio-temporal data, progress is made to the identification and reconstruction of the physiopathological mechanisms typical of many syndromes and diseases, allowing their recognition and clinical diagnosis;
 d) in setting the rational bases of the modalities through which the doctor tries to intervene in the physiopathological process, modifying it with appropriate therapeutic measures, in order to correct the initial anomaly, restoring the homeostasis and the conditions of normality and health;
 e) to learn the epidemiology and the principles of prevention of the morbid conditions related to the internist pathology;
 f) to learn the classification and systematic description of internal diseases, their etiology, progression, symptomatic expression, complications and rational basis of therapy;
 g) begin the process of critical linking of the clinical elements common to different pathologies, their recognition, their interrelation, as well as the clinical deepening of those differences and differences that distinguish the different morbid processes and form the basis of the differential diagnosis method.

    II- Professionalising objectives: consist
 a) in allowing the direct vision of the greatest possible number of patients affected by the pathologies subject of learning to the students, in order to gain direct experience and observation;
 b) promoting direct contact between the student and the patient, allowing direct understanding of the pathophysiological and clinical picture through direct data collection (anamnesis, objective examination), their elaboration, the discussion of the case with a specialist tutor or specializing in that discipline;
 c) in introducing the student in contact with the variety of the pathology of the organ, through the guided frequency to the Lane, to the clinic, to the special units of the particular organ discipline (hemodynamics, bronchoscopy, etc), in order to to recognize in the practice and on the patient the cases, the alterations of the laboratory parameters, the meaning and the indication of the critical measures, necessary for the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures;
 d) to promote an interdisciplinary vision also in contact with the organ disciplines, preparing interdisciplinary seminars, which lead back to the patient and the clinic through the critical development, guided by the teacher, of the interactions between pathophysiological mechanisms, symptoms and clinical pictures of illness;
 e) to encourage the maturation of cognitive processes based on "self-learning", the basis of the future permanent (or continuative) medical education, through the inclusion of small groups of students in "problem solving" courses, prepared by organ teachers and internists;
 f) in generating responsibility and motivation, and grow the elements of self-guided updating, through sessions in which the students themselves relate and describe, to their colleagues, the path, the method and the results of their work of "problem solving" "in the themes assigned to them.

Appropriate knowledge of anatomy, biology and physiology.

lecture and training at the bedside of the patient

multiple choice questions and oral examination able to verify the clinical reasoning skills ( question on the indivudual subject : respiratory , cardiology diseases ecc related to a hypothetical clinical case)

Pulmonary embolism. Pulmonary hypertension and
chronic pulmonary heart. Congestive heart failure and pulmonary edema.
Myocarditis and cardiomyopathies.
Concepts of physiology of physiopathology of the heart. Exchange of oxygen and tissue oxygenation
Hypoxia and ischemia
Differential diagnosis of dyspnoea and cyanosis
Pulmonary physiopathology
• Structure and function of the respiratory system
• Physiopathology of the respiratory system
The normal functioning of the immune system and its pharmacological modulation.
Knowledge and understanding of basic signs, symptoms and clinical/lab alterations of the main nephropathies also in the context of systemic diseases affecting the kidney. Application of this knowledge to build a diagnostic and therapeutic path for the main nephropathies.

at the end of the internship, the student must be able to carry out a medical history on his own, aimed at problems related to the various medical disciplines of the course
targeted objective examination
draw up a list of patient problems and a plan
of resolution of the same
interpret an ECGraphic layout and identification of the
main alterations,
venous sampling,
execution of vein cannulation,
Interpret the values ​​of the blood count and of the chemical-physical and microscopic examination of the urine.
You will need to have seen at least five of the following procedures:
thoracentesis, paracentesis, hemodialysis, bronchoscopy, echocardiography, arterial blood gas analysis.
From the point of view of learning the cognitive objectives, the student is expected to be able to demonstrate knowledge and medical competence through which, starting from symptoms and / or groups of symptoms, from the clinical examination and alterations of biohumoral data, progress is made in the identification and reconstruction of the physiopathological mechanisms typical of many syndromes and diseases, allowing their recognition and clinical diagnosis.