Ateneo - UPO

Acquisition of the main techniques used in pathological anatomy for predictive diagnostic and prognostic purposes.
Meaning of the diagnostic finding and its main indications
Study of the main pathological processes concerning neoplastic, degenerative, inflammatory diseases and their interpretation for the purpose of clinical translation.

Cotran, Kumar e Robbins: Pathologic bases of disease. 10^ edition

P. Gallo, G. D’Amati: Anatomia Patologica – La sistematica (2 volumi) – Edizione UTET

Consultation books
Rosai and Ackerman’s Surgical Pathology (2 vol.) - 11a Edizione - Elsevier
Vari volumi WHO o AFIP per singole patologie Consultabili presso anatomia patologica AOU maggiore) Cotran, Kumar e Robbins: Pathologic bases of disease. 10^ edition

At the end of the course, the student must be able to understand the meaning of an anatomical-pathological diagnosis in terms of clinical relapse for the patient, be able to correctly treat the biological material for purposes of diagnosis, prognosis and predictive indications that can be provided by a histopathological and cytopathological analysis.

Knowledge of normal anatomy and histology. Knowledge of the basics of general pathology and of the main methods used for histo-cytopathological diagnostics

Frontal lesson (in the classroom)
Remote lesson with the usual IT platforms (e.g. Google Meet)
Online teaching (e.g. sharing cases with students, lesson files) only for students not able to follow frontal lessons
Professional internship (in the Pathological Anatomy Services present in the hospitals of Novara and Alessandria

Oral interview based on 4 question topics drawn from the 670 filed in the DIR. Students have a series of leaflets available, each of which has 4 question topics printed on them: before the exam, they choose one which will be the topics of the exam

Oral interview based on 4 question topics drawn from the 670 filed in the DIR. Students have a series of leaflets available, each of which has 4 question topics printed on them: before the exam, they choose one which will be the topics of the exam
Main procedural aspects, with hints on legal regulations, of the diagnostic finding.
Concept of epicrisis and its applications.
Procedures used for the preparation of a histological and cytological preparation.
Main techniques associated with histological and cytological diagnostics (histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy), with hints on their indications, and molecular diagnostics.
Main types of biopsy and their indications, including fine needle biopsy.
Know the extemporaneous examination procedure and its indications
Describe the morphological pictures of ischemic heart disease and transmural and subendocardial infarction
Illustrate the morphological substrates of angina of exertion, unstable angina, myocardial infarction
Indicate the morphologic substrates of heart valve stenoses and regurgitation and valvular dystrophic disease
Describe the morphological patterns of myocardial hypertrophy and heart failure
Describe the morphological pictures of myocarditis and cardiomyopathies (complications and outcomes), illustrating the role of endomyocardial biopsy
Indicate the causes, morphology and consequences of intimal hyperplasia
Describe the causes of atherosclerosis, the morphology of elementary and advanced/complicated lesions
Describe the anatomical pathological pictures of the main vasculitides
Describe the morphological pictures of circulation disturbances in the various organs
Describe predisposing conditions, natural history, morphology, and complications of aortic dissection
Classify aortic aneurysms with reference to etiopathogenesis, morphology and complications
Describe the morphological pictures of endocarditis in relation to the different etiopathogenesis
Provide the general overview of pericardial pathology: pericarditis, hemopericardium, primary and metastatic tumors, pericardial effusions
Provide the general picture of heart tumors and have a superficial knowledge of the main pictures
Framing the morphological substrates of cardiac arrhythmias
Defining the state of shock and the clinical-pathological differences between cardiogenic, septic, hypovolemic, traumatic, anaphylactic shock
Classify congenital heart disease on the basis of hemodynamic characteristics, and be able to describe the most frequent forms with their complications and prognosis
Briefly know the main pathological aspects related to heart transplantation
Describe the morphological alterations of pulmonary circulation disorders: embolism and pulmonary hypertension
Know in general vein diseases, with particular reference to phlebothrombosis and thrombophlebitis, and their associations with neoplastic diseases
Know in general the non-neoplastic conditions of the esophagus and their complications
Describe the morphological pictures of esophagitis
Know the anatomo-clinical and histological pictures of Barrett's esophagus, and its clinical-pathological significance
Describe the main precancers of the esophagus
Describe the morphological pictures and complications of esophageal carcinoma and its variants, and have a superficial knowledge of the main non-epithelial tumors
Describe the main morphological pictures of gastritis and gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer and illustrate the role of endoscopic biopsy, also as a function of the etiopathogenesis
Describe, differentiating the anatomo-clinical and histological pictures, epithelial and non-epithelial gastric tumors, and illustrate the diagnostic role of endoscopic biopsy
Describe the morphological pictures of acute and chronic pancreatitis in relation to their natural history and complications
Describe the morphological features of pancreatic cancer
Provide basic information on the morphological aspect and diagnosis of pancreatic endocrine tumors
Describe the morphological pictures of acute and chronic hepatitis in relation to the etiopathogenesis and possible evolutions and complications, and illustrate the diagnostic function of liver biopsy
Describe the morphological alterations of portal liver hypertension, including the problem of collateral circulation, and provide an overview of Budd-Chiari syndrome
Classify chronic hepatitis and describe the histopathological pictures and the modalities of staging and gradation, also in relation to the different etiopathogenesis and consequently to their prognosis.
Know in general the patterns of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
Indicate the haematochemical alterations and histopathological aspects of alcoholic liver disease in relation to the pathogenetic mechanisms and the various evolutionary stages
Describe the morphological pictures of the main types of liver cirrhosis, also with reference to their etiology and complications
Describe the morphological pictures of hepato- and cholangiocellular tumors and liver metastases, illustrating the diagnostic role of transparietal needle biopsy and laparoscopy
Know briefly the non-neoplastic lesions of the liver
Briefly describe the main anatomical-pathological pictures related to liver transplantation
Describe the morphological pictures of cholecystitis and carcinoma of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts, with reference to the natural history and complications
Provide the general framework and describe the main morphological pictures of biliary cirrhosis and sclerosing cholangitis and genetically based liver diseases
Describe the morphological pictures of the most common enteritis and colitis, in relation to their etiopathogenesis
Provide the general framework and describe the main morphological pictures of intestinal malabsorption syndromes, illustrating the diagnostic role of endoscopic biopsy
Describe the morphological pictures, in relation to their evolution, of ischemic disorders of the intestine
Know and be able to classify the various types of non-neoplastic intestinal polyps, with hints on their histological aspects
Describe the morphological pictures of large bowel adenomas with specific reference to familial polyposis and adenoma-carcinoma progression; illustrate the diagnostic and prognostic role of biopsy and endoscopic resection
Describe the epidemiology and the anatomo-clinical and histological pictures of colon cancer; expose the essential data relating to the staging modalities and correlate the prognosis with the anatomical-clinical stage.
Understand diverticular disease of the large intestine on an anatomical and anatomo-clinical basis, with particular reference to its complications
Describe the anatomo-clinical and histopathological alterations of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis; indicate the differential diagnostic orientations and know the complications
Superficially know the picture of congenital megacolon
Know the main pathological pictures of the salivary glands, in particular tumors, with hints on the diagnostic difficulties, classification and prognosis
Generally describe the anatomical and histological features of neuroendocrine tumors of the small and large intestine
Describe the morphological and anatomo-clinical pictures of tumors of the larynx and hypopharynx, with hints on the elements useful for staging and prognosis
Know the main aspects of the pathology of the nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx, with particular reference to tumors
Know the main alterations of the pulmonary circulation, their complications and physiopathological implications
Know the pathological pictures and the etiopathogenetic and pathophysiological mechanisms of ARDS
Know the main neonatal pulmonary alterations and their pathophysiological implications
Describe the morphological and anatomical-clinical pictures of foci, lobar and interstitial pneumonias and their complications, also in relation to the etiopathogenesis

Students must approach Pathological Anatomy as an indispensable cultural tool in the clinical path.
Students are required to know how to use this tool in clinical field and in approaching the patient.