Ateneo - UPO

METABOLIC BIOCHEMISTRY:
BIOENERGETICS,
KREBS CYCLE,
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORILATION,
METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES,
METABOLISM OF LIPIDS,
PROTEIN METABOLISM, HORMONES,
INTEGRATION OF METABOLISM

Titolo CHIMICA e BIOCHIMICA per le lauree triennali (Area Sanitaria)
Autore SAMAJA-PARONI
EDITORE PICCIN

Titolo Elementi di CHIMICA E BIOCHIMICA
Autore ROBERTI, ALUNNI BISTOCCHI
EDITORE McGraw Hill
PER APPROFONDIMENTI:

Titolo LE BASI DELLA BIOCHIMICA
Autore Ferrier
EDITORE Zanichelli

The student will be able to describe the metabolic pathways, in particular how it is obtained
energy from nutrients, how this energy is stored and used in the fed state and in fasting, such as
the body eliminates the energy-free products of catabolism.

The student must have basic notions in:
General Chemistry: chemical bonds, equilibrium and completion reactions; redox reactions; acids, bases, buffers and aqueous solution equilibria.
Organic Chemistry: functional groups, alkenes, alcohols, thiols, aromatic compounds, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives. Main chemical and physical characteristics of the above compounds. Stereochemistry.
Physics: the laws of Thermodynamics, in particular Gibbs free energy
Biology: structure of the eukaryotic cell
Anatomy: basic knowledge on the structure of the human body

frontal lessons

Slides and information are available on DIR
(https://www.dir.uniupo.it/ )

The exam will consist of a written test with multiple choice questions, test tests will be available on DIR

PRINCIPLES OF BIOENERGETICS
Spontaneity of reactions: Gibbs free energy. Coupled reactions. ATP: an energy trading currency.

METABOLISM
Definition of Metabolism, Catabolism and Anabolism. Role of redox nucleotides: NAD + and FAD.

KREBS CYCLE
origin of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate, fatty acids and amino acids.
Production of CO2, NADH and FAD2

SUMMARY OF ATP
Substrate level phosphorylation. Electron transport chain coupled to oxidative phosphorylation (Chemiosmotic model). Mechanism of ATP synthase catalysis. Thermogenin

METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES
GLYCOLYSIS: aerobic and anaerobic, hormonal and allosteric regulation. Fates of pyruvate. Metabolism of other hexoses
CYCLE OF PENTOSIS: synthesis of NADPH and ribose.
SYNTHESIS AND DEGRADATION OF GLYCOGEN: Muscle and liver differences
GLUCONEOGENESIS: precursors. Energy balance glycolysis-gluconeogenesis. Allosteric and hormonal regulation

METABOLISM OF LIPIDS
BETA-OXIDATION: Formation of acyl-Coenzyme A, Entry of fatty acids into the mitochondria: role of carnitine. Example: oxidation of palmitate to acetyl-CoA, NADH, FADH2.
SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS: synthesis of malonyl-CoA by acetyl-CoA carboxylase, alosteric and hormonal regulation. Relation to the regulation of beta-oxidation.
SYNTHESIS AND USE OF KETONE BODIES
Mobilization of free fatty acids from adipose tissue

METABOLISM OF AMINO ACIDS
Transaminations, role of alanine and glutamine as blood transporters of amino groups, oxidative deammination. Fate of carbonaceous skeletons in the Krebs cycle. Fate of amino groups: Urea cycle
Amino acids as precursors.

METABOLISM OF NUCLEOTIDES
De novo synthesis and ways of recovery. Degradation of purines to uric acid.

METABOLISM OF THE EME
Synthesis of heme and porphyrias
Degradation of heme: bilirubin, urobilin and stercobilin

INTEGRATION OF METABOLISM and ROLE OF GLUCAGON, ADRENALINE AND INSULIN:
Metabolic relationship between liver, adipose tissue, muscle and brain in the fed state. Role of carnitine in muscle
Metabolic relationship between liver, adipose tissue, muscle and brain in fasting. Cori cycle. Alanine-glucose cycle

the student will be able to describe the metabolic pathways, in particular how it is obtained
energy from nutrients, how this energy is stored and used in the fed state and in fasting, such as
the body eliminates the energy-free products of catabolism