Ateneo - UPO

The course illustrates the general organisation of the human body (levels of organisation, terminology, planes and cavities) and the macroscopic anatomy of the main organ systems: locomotor, cardiovascular and lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, endocrine and nervous.
For Dental Hygiene students, considerable attention is devoted to the cranio-cervico-facial region and the oral cavity: neurocranium and viscerocranium, mandible and temporomandibular joint, masticatory muscles, teeth and periodontium, tongue and salivary glands, of specific interest to the dental hygienist; supplementary teaching hours are provided, as an in-depth study, using the Anatomage digital anatomy table and the bone laboratory, with particular focus on the axial skeleton.
For Biomedical Laboratory Techniques students, through tutoring activity (with Digital Anatomy table - Anatomage, and bone models), particular attention is given to the splanchnic organs (the viscera of the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive systems), useful for understanding the origin and meaning of the biological samples handled in laboratory activity.

TEXTBOOKS
P. Bandiera, P. Bielli, F. Boccafoschi, P. Ciarmela, K. Cortese, S. David, D.M. Gibelli, A. Morelli, M.A. Panaro, C. Porro, a cura di E. Donetti. ANATOMIA UMANA con approfondimenti di Anatomia Funzionale. PICCIN
Kenneth S. Saladin. Anatomia umana. PICCIN
F. H. Martini, R. B. Tallitsch, J. L. Nath. Anatomia Umana, EDISES
Barbatelli, Bertoni, Boccafoschi, Bosetti, Carini. Anatomia Umana – Fondamenti, Edi-Ermes

ANATOMY ATLAS
Viguè, Martin. Atlante di Anatomia Umana. PICCIN
Anastasi-Tacchetti. Atlante di Anatomia Umana. Edi-Ermes
Anne M. Gilroy, Brian R. MacPherson, Lawrence M. Ross, E. Gaudio. Atlante di Anatomia Umana, Prometheus, Edises

HEAD AND NECK BOOKS (Dental Hygiene)
C. Dellavia. Compendio di anatomia oro-facciale per l'attività clinica odontostomatologica. Edises, 2022

The course aims to provide the student with the basic knowledge of the structure of the human body at its various levels of organisation (organs and systems). At the end of the course the student should know the general organisation of the human body and the structure of the main organs, understanding the anatomical basis required for the practice of their profession — with particular reference to the oro-cervico-facial region for Dental Hygiene students and to the anatomy of the visceral (splanchnic) organs for Biomedical Laboratory Techniques students — and for the study of subsequent disciplines.

Basic knowledge of biology, cytology and histology acquired in secondary school and in the first-year courses (organisation of the cell and of the main tissues) is useful. No compulsory prerequisites are required.

The course (3 ECTS, 30 hours) is delivered through classroom lectures supported by slides, images and anatomical plates prepared by the lecturer. For Dental Hygiene students the lectures are complemented by supplementary in-depth teaching hours, using the Anatomage digital anatomy table and a bone laboratory, with particular focus on the axial skeleton and the oro-facial region. For Biomedical Laboratory Techniques students, tutoring activity is provided to support students, which includes the use of the Anatomage table and the bone laboratory, with particular attention to the splanchnic organs, aimed at clarifying the topics covered and at guided revision in preparation for the exam. Teaching material is made available on the DIR e-learning platform. During the complementary activities, quiz platforms such as Kahoot will also be used. Attendance is compulsory according to the Degree Course regulations.

Student office hours are by appointment, to be arranged by e-mail with the lecturer. Notices, announcements and teaching material are published on the University DIR (Didattica in Rete) e-learning platform, communicated by e-mail from the lecturer or through the student office (segreteria).
Students with disabilities, Specific Learning Disorders (SLD/DSA) or Special Educational Needs (SEN/BES) may request dedicated services and tools by contacting the Staff for Career Development, Coordination and Services to Students, and by consulting the dedicated page of the University website: https://uniupo.it/it/servizi/servizi-studentesse-e-studenti-condizione-di-fragilit%C3%A0-disabilit%C3%A0-dsa-bes
Once they have contacted the University Staff, students with disabilities, DSA or BES may contact the lecturer in charge of the course regarding the arrangement of the examination methods and the teaching aspects.

The exam consists of a written test made up of 30 multiple-choice questions (5 options, only one correct) covering the whole programme. Questions are organised into four areas: locomotor system (bones and muscles); cardiovascular and lymphatic system; organs of the visceral systems (splanchnology); nervous system. The test assesses knowledge of the course topics and the student's ability to focus on and master the themes with adequate breadth, as well as the correct use of anatomical terminology. The result determines the mark of the Human Anatomy module, which contributes – together with the marks of the other modules – to the overall mark of the integrated exam; passing requires a sufficient mark (18/30) in all modules.

- Introduction to anatomy: subject of anatomy; levels of organisation (cell, tissues, organs and systems); structure of solid organs (parenchymatous and filamentous) and hollow organs (visceral and vascular); anatomical position, reference planes and axes, directional terminology; body cavities and regions (head, neck, thorax, abdomen); oral cavity and dental arches.
- Locomotor system – axial and appendicular skeleton: classification of bones (long, flat with diploe, short); joints: synarthroses, amphiarthroses (symphyses) and diarthroses (plane, ball-and-socket, condyloid, saddle, hinge/trochlear, pivot); joint movements (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation).
- Vertebral column and thoracic cage: physiological curvatures and their alterations (hyperkyphosis, hyperlordosis, scoliosis); structure and regions of the vertebrae (cervical with atlas and axis, thoracic, lumbar); sacrum and coccyx; intervertebral discs; sternum and ribs.
- Appendicular skeleton: pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula) and skeleton of the upper limb (humerus, radius, ulna, carpal bones, metacarpals and phalanges); pelvic girdle (hip bone) and skeleton of the lower limb (femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsals and phalanges).
- Neurocranium: bones of the vault and base (frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital, parietal, temporal); cranial fossae; paranasal sinuses.
- Viscerocranium and oro-facial region: bones of the face (zygomatic, maxilla with dental alveoli, palatine, lacrimal, nasal, vomer); nasal cavity and septum; mandible (mandibular foramen and alveoli); hyoid bone.
- Temporomandibular joint (TMJ): articular surfaces, capsule, synovial fluid, ligaments, articular disc and retrodiscal pad.
- Oral cavity and masticatory apparatus: lips, cheeks, vestibule and dental arches; masticatory muscles (in particular the masseter) and notes on the muscles of facial expression; the tooth and the periodontal tissues; crown and root; dentition, tooth replacement and dental nomenclature; tongue, taste papillae and major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, sublingual) and minor salivary glands.
- Cardiovascular and lymphatic system: heart (position and relationships in the mediastinum, pericardium, endocardium, myocardium and conduction system, internal conformation and valves); pulmonary and systemic circulation; arteries (aorta, carotids, circle of Willis), veins and capillaries; lymphatic system (lymph, lymphatic ducts and trunks, lymphoid organs).
- Respiratory system: upper and lower airways; trachea and main bronchi; lungs; pulmonary acinus and alveoli (type I and II pneumocytes, surfactant); diaphragm.
- Digestive system: oesophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) and large intestine (caecum, appendix, colon, rectum); peritoneum, omentum and mesenteries; accessory glands: pancreas and liver with biliary tract and gallbladder.
- Urinary system: kidney (cortex, medulla, nephron, renal sinus), ureters, bladder and urethra.
- Endocrine system: pituitary gland, thyroid and parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreatic islets of Langerhans.
- Reproductive system: female (uterus, uterine tubes, ovary) and male (testis, spermatic ducts, prostate).
- Nervous system: organisation of the central and peripheral nervous system; brain and brainstem; cerebellum; spinal cord; meninges and cerebrospinal fluid; notes on the cranial nerves and the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic).

Knowledge and understanding: the student knows the general organisation of the human body and the macroscopic structure of the main organ systems, with particular reference to the oro-cervico-facial region (Dental Hygiene) or to the visceral organs (Biomedical Laboratory Techniques).
Applying knowledge and understanding: the student is able to locate and describe organs within their respective systems and to use anatomical knowledge in their professional context (dental hygiene or biomedical laboratory activity).
Making judgements: the student is able to relate structure and function and to integrate anatomical notions with the other disciplines of the study programme.
Communication skills: the student is able to describe anatomical structures using correct and appropriate scientific terminology.
Learning skills: the student has acquired a study method that enables them to independently update and deepen their anatomical knowledge.