Ateneo - UPO

Introduction to Physics and Review of Fundamental Concepts; Mechanics; Hydrostatics and Fluid Dynamics; Thermodynamics; Electricity; Magnetism; Electromagnetism; and Waves.

R. Resnick, D. Halliday "Fisica", CEA D.C.

Giancoli Fisica. Principi e applicazioni. CEA

D. Halliday, R. Resnick, J. Walker, Fondamenti di Fisica (4a edizione), Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, Milano, 1998

A. Alessandrini, Fisica per le Scienze della Vita, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, Zanichelli 2023

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Introduction

• Mathematical review: functions, powers, logarithms, exponentials, trigonometry, introduction to derivatives and integrals
• The scientific method
• Physical quantities and units of measurement: International System of Units (SI), dimensional analysis, multiples and submultiples of measurement units, scientific notation
• Scalar and vector quantities: Cartesian plane, reference frames, decomposition into components, operations with vectors (addition, subtraction, dot product, and cross product)
• Instruments and uncertainties: analog and digital instruments, introduction to instrument characteristics, precision, accuracy, and introduction to significant figures and errors

Mechanics

• Kinematics
• Average and instantaneous velocity, average and instantaneous acceleration
• Rectilinear motion: uniform rectilinear motion, uniformly accelerated motion, free-fall motion
• Two-dimensional motion: projectile motion
• Periodic motion: uniform circular motion, simple harmonic motion
• Dynamics
• Newton’s laws, inertial reference frames, introduction to non-inertial reference frames
• Weight force: difference between mass and weight
• Normal force
• Friction force: sliding friction, rolling friction, and viscous friction
• Elastic force: Hooke’s law and the motion of the mass-spring system
• Tension force: motion of the simple pendulum under the small-angle approximation
• Work, Energy, and Collisions
• Work: work done by a constant force, work done by variable forces, power, kinetic energy, work-energy theorem, conservative and non-conservative forces
• Potential energy: definition, gravitational potential energy, mechanical energy, conservation and non-conservation of mechanical energy, relationship between potential and equilibrium, elastic potential energy
• Momentum and collisions: generalized second law of Newton, conservation of momentum, systems of bodies, impulse, elastic, inelastic, and perfectly inelastic collisions

Fluids

• States of matter: density and its dependence on temperature
• Pressure
• Pascal’s principle
• Stevin’s law: principle of communicating vessels, atmospheric pressure, and Torricelli’s experiment
• Archimedes’ principle: conditions for floating
• Cohesive and adhesive forces: surface tension and capillarity
• Ideal fluids: laminar and steady flow, flow rate, and continuity equation
• Bernoulli’s theorem: Venturi effect, wing lift, Torricelli’s law
• Real fluids: hydrodynamic resistance, Hagen–Poiseuille law, laminar and turbulent flow, Reynolds number, viscous friction, Stokes’ law, sedimentation

Thermodynamics

• Temperature and heat: Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin scales
• Thermal expansion: linear and volumetric expansion
• Heat capacity and specific heat
• Heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation; Fourier’s law of heat conduction; thermal conductivity; Stefan–Boltzmann law; blackbody emission spectrum; Wien’s law
• Phase changes: latent heat, phase diagram, triple point, and critical temperature
• Ideal gases: Boyle–Mariotte law, Charles’s law, and Gay-Lussac’s law; equation of state; kinetic theory of ideal gases; relationship between temperature and kinetic energy; internal energy
• Real gases: saturated vapor pressure, partial pressure and Dalton’s law, absolute and relative humidity, dew point
• First law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible thermodynamic processes, work in a thermodynamic process, state and transfer variables, isochoric, isobaric, isothermal, and adiabatic processes
• Second law of thermodynamics: cyclic processes, heat engines, Kelvin and Clausius statements, efficiency of a heat engine, Carnot engine and Carnot’s theorem, Otto and Diesel cycles, refrigeration machines and coefficients of performance
• Introduction to entropy

Electricity and Magnetism

• Electric charge, charge density, and Coulomb’s force
• Electric field: field lines, field of a point charge, electric dipole field, field of a uniformly charged double layer, motion of a charge in a uniform field
• Work in a uniform electric field, conservativeness of the electrostatic force, electric potential energy, electric potential, potential of a point charge, potential in a parallel-plate capacitor
• Capacitors: capacitance, circuits with capacitors in series and parallel
• Electric current: definition of current, moving charges in conductors, resistance, first and second Ohm’s laws, resistivity and its dependence on temperature, electric power and the Joule effect, resistors in series and parallel
• Magnetism: properties of magnets, magnetic field lines and their visualization, Earth’s magnetic field, magnetic force, Lorentz force, motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field, mass spectrometer, Biot–Savart law, magnetic field generated by a current-carrying loop, magnetic field of a solenoid
• Electromagnetism: Faraday’s experiment, magnetic flux, Faraday–Neumann–Lenz law

Waves

• Mechanical waves: transverse and longitudinal waves, periodic waves, wave function, wavelength, period and frequency, wavefronts, energy transported by a wave, reflection and refraction
• Acoustic waves: sensitivity of the human ear, pure and complex sounds, pitch of a sound wave, sound intensity level
• Electromagnetic waves: introduction to Maxwell’s equations, speed of light in vacuum and in media, refractive index, electromagnetic spectrum
• Optics: distinction between physical and geometrical optics, Fermat’s principle, reflection, scattering, refraction, total internal reflection, dispersion, mirrors, thin lenses, lensmaker’s equation, thin lens equation, magnification