The course aims to provide the students with basic knowledge on the main streams of political thought, starting from the modern era and with particular attention to contemporaneity. The fundamental points of economic and sociological thought will also be analyzed.

1. Constitutionalism: ancient and modern. 2. The birth of the Nation State in the Modern Age. The constituent elements of the State: territory, population, sovereignty. The constitutional Revolutions of the XVIII Century. 3. The evolution of the forms of the State. 4. Fundamental rights: legal features and transformations in western constitutionalism. 5. The legal order: norms and sources of law. The hierarchical system of the sources of law. 6. Criteria for the solution of antinomies. 7. The Constitution as superior paramount law in the western Constitutionalism. The rigidity of the Constitution. 8. The Constitutional review of the legislation.. B) Representative democracy and Parliamentary form of government 9. Patterns of democracy: direct and representative democracy. 10. Political representation and electoral systems. 11. The Forms of Government in comparative perspectives: parliamentary government. 12. The Forms of Government in comparative perspectives: Presidential and semi-Presidential Government. C) European Union 13. The European Constitutions in the Post-Second World War and the openness to International law. Principles and sources of the international law and international organizations. 14. Origins and developments of the European Communities and the European Union. 15. The Treaties of the European Union and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of EU. 16. The Institutional frame of the European Union. 17. The sources of law of the European Union and their relevance in the domestic legal orders. 18. The principle of subsidiarity. 19. The European Court of Justice. 20. The European Convention of Human Rights: its relevance in the States legal orders and the protection of human rights by the European Court of Strasbourg. D) Italian Constitution: sources of law and the system of constitutional review of the legislation 21. From the Italian Statute of 1848 to the Constitutional Assembly. Limits and procedures for the amendment of the Constitution (art. 138-139 I.C.). 22. The Parliamentary Law (art. 70-74 I.C.). 23. The Acts of the Executive Branch with force of law (art.76-77 I.C.). 24. The reservation to the Statutory Law. The Regulations of the Executive Branch. 25. The system of separation of competences between the sources of law: the Regional Law (art. 117 I.C.). 26. The popular Referendum on Legislative Acts (art. 75 I.C.). 27. The Italian Constitutional Court: the constitutional review of the legislation (art. 134-137 I.C.). 28. The Italian Constitutional Court: other functions. E) Italian form of government 29. The structure of the Parliament (art. 55-69, 82 I.C.). 30. The status of the members of the Parliament (art. 68 I.C.). 31. The Parliamentary Confidence and the formation of the Cabinet (art. 92-94 I.C.). 32. The President of the Republic (art. 83-91 I.C.). 33. Structure of the Executive Branch and the Public Administration. (art. 95-100 I.C.). 34. Regional Form of Government (art. 121-126 I.C.). Local Government (art. 114-133 I.C.). 35. Constitutional Principles of the State Budget (art. 81 I.C.). 36. Politics and Jurisdiction: the independence of the judicial branch (art. 101-110 I.C.).

1) variables and frequency distribution; 2) data average and weighted data average; 3) median, percentiles and cumulative distributions; 4) variance and standard deviation; 5) the standardization of a variable and its uses; 6) the Gaussian normal distribution. 7) joint frequencies distributions; 8) graphs to represent the relationship between two variables; 9) the association between categorical variables; 10) covariance and correlation; 11-12) regression; 13) the TCL and the sample distributions; 14) confidence intervals; 15) hypothesis test; 16) testing the difference between averages; 17) the chi-square test; 18) multiple regression

Part one: -the birth of the discipline: social and theoretical context of reference -sociological paradigms Part two: the classical sociological thought: -Karl Marx -Max Weber -Emile Durkheim -Geroge Simmel Part three: -social inequalities -deviance and social control -education and instruction -language and communication -economy and society Part Four: - birth and development of the welfare state - social policies -welfare systems in market economy countries

The course offers an introduction to the political studies, with particular reference to the approach of political science. It describes the specific features of this subject and focuses on the main issues: a) the theory of political regimes, distinguishing democratic models from not democratic ones and explaining their evolution; b) the actors and dynamics of political systems (parties, electoral systems, parliaments, governments); c) the analysis of the major contemporary democracies (USA, UK, France, Germany, Italy, Spain).

Economic reasoning and the instruments of economic analysis The different approaches to economic science Consumption Firms, production and supply Markets: perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, oligopoly The markets of the factors of production: labour and capital The market and the state Market failures Economics of information The GDP The national accountancy Money Inflation Aggregate demand and supply Comparative advantage and international trade Employment and unemployment The economic cycle Economic growth

- The concept of religion in the Western sciences. - Religions, public sphere and society: historical and philosophical roots. - The autonomy of the political fact from faiths and religious values. Enlightenment and liberal thinking. - Modernity, cornerstones of the relationship with religion: from secularization to separation. - The contemporary era. - Secularism. Developments of the concept, law and practice. The secular state and religious freedom. The principle of secularism in Italy. Historical evolution, figures and ideas. Articles 7, 8 and 19 of the Constitution. - The return of interest in the religious fact in the public and social sphere. The current situation. - The challenges of immigration. Meeting of cultures and religions. Nationalisms vs multiculturalism and religious pluralism.

Machiavelli, Il Principe, cap. I Mosca, Storia delle dottrine politiche, Bari, Laterza, 1965, pp. 294-297 Pareto, Trasformazione della democrazia, Roma, Castelvecchi, cap. I, pp. 17-30 Bobbio, Saggi sulla scienza politica in Italia, Bari, Laterza, 1971, pp. 5-12 Revelli, La politica senza politica, Torino, Einaudi, 2019, pp. V-XIV Articles from "Il Sole 24 ore" of sunday.

Calculation of percentage, exponentiation and logarithms at basic level, simple derivatives