The course will explore the social, organizational, and cultural dynamics that influence how communities interpret and make sense of disasters. It will focus on two main aspects: first, the cultural and symbolic meanings that social groups assign to disasters, and second, the impact these events have on the social identity and cohesion of individuals within the affected communities. By examining these aspects, students will gain a deeper understanding of how disasters shape not only the physical environment but also the social structures and relationships within affected communities. The course will draw on classical theorists, such as anthropologist Mary Douglas, to examine the social function of risk, emphasizing that risk should not be viewed solely in technical terms. The course will address disaster as a complex social phenomenon, exploring the collective trauma it generates and its long-term effects on communities, as exemplified by events like September 11. The course will cover topics such as how disasters amplify social vulnerabilities, highlighting both the positive mechanisms and malfunctions in local governance systems, while also showcasing the importance of social capital. The course will examine disaster risk communication, using cases like Chernobyl, where invisible risks, such as radiation, made it difficult for communities to understand the danger in the weeks and months following the technological disaster. It will also explore the crucial role of social media and the active engagement of citizens through crowdsourcing initiatives, where individuals contribute real-time data and local knowledge to support and enhance emergency response efforts. Socio-anthropological case studies from both Italian and international contexts, such as the Halifax disaster and the COVID-19 pandemic, will be used to illustrate the above-mentioned concepts. These examples will support the course by providing real-world applications of the theoretical discussions, helping students to understand the nuanced effects of disasters on societies.

The detailed course programme is outlined in the course descriptions as follows: - Private and Disaster Law Module 1) Notions of law, private law and legal systems 2) The concept of disaster and disaster regulation in the legal system 3) Disaster and private law: issues and perspectives 4) In-depth analysis of property law, civil liability, protection of the individual and dignity 5) Analysis and discussion of case studies related to the topics covered - International Humanitarian Law and International Disaster Module - Fundamentals of international law (subjects, rules, institutions, scope of application) - Principles of international humanitarian law (distinction, precaution and proportionality) - Rules of humanitarian and health assistance applicable to international and non-international armed conflicts - Fundamental principles and rules of international law on disasters (classification, applicable law, codified rules); - Interaction between international law on disasters and other legal regimes (in particular international humanitarian law); - European legal framework on disaster prevention, response and recovery; - Current challenges for international law in the context of disaster response - Human rights and protection module i) natural disasters and wage supplementation; ii) epidemiological emergencies and compulsory vaccination, INAIL insurance protection and income support measures related to the closure of businesses; iii) the “preventive” function of flexible working; iv) natural disasters, epidemiological emergencies and redundancies: the freeze on redundancies.

Introduction (1 hour) The course begins with a historical and conceptual overview, defining IHL and IHRL. It explains the difference between the two: IHL applies mainly in situations of armed conflict, while IHRL applies in peacetime and during conflicts. Sources and Principles of IHL (2 hours) Subsequent sessions delve into the main sources of IHL, such as the 1949 Geneva Conventions and the 1977 Additional Protocols. Key principles of IHL are illustrated, including the distinction between combatants and civilians, the prohibition of indiscriminate attacks, and the protection of prisoners of war and the wounded. Application and Enforcement of IHL (1 hour) The application of IHL and enforcement mechanisms are then discussed, including international courts, such as the International Criminal Court (ICC), and inquiry commissions. Introduction to IHRL (2 hours) The following lessons focus on IHRL, exploring major international conventions, such as the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the 1966 International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights and on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights. Mechanisms for Human Rights Protection (2 hours) Human rights protection mechanisms are examined, including UN special procedures, regional courts (e.g., the European Court of Human Rights), and UN committees. Intersection of IHL and IHRL (1 hour) The course concludes with a lesson on the intersection of IHL and IHRL, illustrating how these two branches complement and influence each other, especially in armed conflict situations where both frameworks may apply. Discussion and Conclusions (1 hour) The final hour is dedicated to case study discussions and conclusions, allowing participants to consolidate their knowledge and discuss contemporary challenges in the field of international protection of individuals.

1) The concept of "person" in private law. 2) The right to health and physical integrity. 3) The limits to private autonomy in relation to the human body. 4) Property rights and the human body. 5) The human body in bioethics and the right to life.

The course will cover labour law institutes useful for managing emergencies and disasters. In particular, the course will deal with: i) natural disasters and the redundancy fund; ii) epidemiological emergencies and compulsory vaccination, INAIL insurance protection and income support measures related to the closure of business activities; iii) the 'preventive' function of agile work; iv) natural disasters epidemiological emergencies and dismissals: the dismissal block.

The course is divided into three main sections, each focusing on a specific thematic area: Part One – Economic Analysis of Law: (i) Introduction to the economic analysis of law (ii) Economic analysis of property rights (iii) Intellectual property rights and pharmaceutical innovation (iv) Discussion of case studies Part Two – International Trade and Trade Policy: (i) Explanations of trade (ii) Trade policy (iii) International cooperation (iv) Trade policy shocks (v) Discussion of case studies Part Three – Agent-Based Modeling and Simulations: (i) Introduction to agent-based modeling (ii) Approaches for modeling individual behavior in agent-based models (iii) Calibration and statistical analysis of agent-based models (iv) Examples of agent-based models in economics and social sciences, with a short introduction to NetLogo (v) Applications

• Definition and taxonomy of catastrophes: o direct effects o externalities • Decision-making under uncertainty: o foundational concepts and definitions in risk preference theory o empirical methods to assess risk preferences o the cases of insurance and location choice. • Policies for prevention and mitigation of disasters o Coase theorem vs regulation o Risk benefit analysis of preventive actions o States’ reactions to major economic disasters • Effects of Disasters on individuals’ wellbeing • Effects of Disasters on long term growth

After a brief joint introductory framework, the course will be divided into three specific parts: (1) Approaches to political geography and geopolitics; Geography of risk, disasters, and conflicts; Geographies of migration; Geographical aspects of cooperation and humanitarian aid (Professor Stefania Cerutti, UPO). (2) Socio-environmental Conflicts; Stories of Resistance to Ecological Transition; Military Logistics; Logistics of Humanitarian Operations (Professor Stefania Benetti, UPO). (3) Geographies of natural hazards and disasters; Natural Hazard risk-awareness and disaster responses; Place and resilience to natural hazards and disasters (Professor Bailey Ashton Adie, PhD Postdoctoral Researcher, Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland). Gender issues's integration in relation to discrimination, conflicts and their effects. In addition, specific readings and occasional contributions by outsider speakers will take place throughout the course.

Introduction to disaster medicine: Definition and classification of disasters History and evolution of disaster medicine Fundamental principles of disaster medical management Prehospital response: Planning and preparedness for prehospital emergencies Command and control structures in the field Rescue and initial stabilization techniques Communication and coordination among first response teams Triage: Principles and objectives of triage Triage systems and methods (START, SALT, etc.) Practical implementation of triage in the field Case studies and practical simulations Hospital response: Preparation and planning of hospital facilities Organization of emergency departments during a disaster Management of resources and hospital logistics Emergency protocols for handling large influxes of patients Primary care: Role of primary care in disaster situations Continuation of care for chronic conditions

PUBLIC HEALTH AND HUMANITARIAN CRISES • Public health in humanitarian crises: its role in the broader context • Principles of needs assessments, public health situation analysis, estimation of mortality, assessment of nutritional status • Best practices of data interpretation and communication CLIMATE CHANGE AND HEALTH - What Climate Change is and how it affects health. Impacts of climate change from a life course perspective - Extreme weather event associated to climate change and their effects on health. The role of extreme temperatures, wildfires, floods and storms -water-borne and vector-borne diseases associated to climate change - Mental health and climate change - effects of climate change on food, nutrition, migrations and displacements - Pathways to a Healthy Net Zero Future. The role of co-benefits in health policies - Sustainable healthcare. Building Health Systems’ Resilience to Climate Change - Climate Justice. The unequal impacts of climate change on the health of marginalized or otherwise vulnerable populations