Ateneo - UPO

The course of Anatomy illustrates the general organisation of the human body (levels of organisation, terminology, planes and cavities) and the macroscopic anatomy of the main organ systems: locomotor, cardiovascular and lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, endocrine and nervous.
Particular emphasis is placed on topographic and radiological anatomy: the relationships and landmarks of the structures, sectional anatomy and the correspondence between radiological images (X-ray, CT, MRI) and anatomical structures, of specific interest to the radiographer.

TEXTBOOKSP. Bandiera, P. Bielli, F. Boccafoschi, P. Ciarmela, K. Cortese, S. David, D.M. Gibelli, A. Morelli, M.A. Panaro, C. Porro, a cura di E. Donetti. ANATOMIA UMANA con approfondimenti di Anatomia Funzionale. PICCINKenneth S. Saladin. Anatomia umana. PICCINF. H. Martini, R. B. Tallitsch, J. L. Nath. Anatomia Umana, EDISESBarbatelli, Bertoni, Boccafoschi, Bosetti, Carini. Anatomia Umana – Fondamenti, Edi-ErmesIMAGE ATLASLarry R. Cochard, Lori A. Goodhartz, Carla B. Harmath, Nancy M. Major, Srinivasan Mukundan, Jr.Netter's - Introduzione all'imaging. PICCINJonathan D. Spratt, Lonie R. Salkowski, Marios Loukas, et al. Anatomia radiologica di Weir & Abrahams. Atlante di anatomia umana per bioimmagini. Edra, 2021ANATOMY ATLASViguè, Martin. Atlante di Anatomia Umana. PICCIN Anastasi-Tacchetti. Atlante di Anatomia Umana. Edi-ErmesAnne M. Gilroy, Brian R. MacPherson, Lawrence M. Ross, E. Gaudio. Atlante di Anatomia Umana, Prometheus, Edises

The course aims to provide the student with the basic knowledge of the structure of the human body at its various levels of organisation (organs and systems), with particular reference to topographic and radiological anatomy. At the end of the course the student should know the general organisation of the human body, the structure and relationships of the main organs, and be able to recognise anatomical structures on radiological images (X-ray, CT, MRI), as the basis required for the practice of the radiographer profession and for the study of subsequent disciplines.

Basic knowledge of biology, cytology and histology acquired in secondary school and in the first-year introductory courses (organisation of the cell and of the main tissues) is useful. No compulsory prerequisites are required.

The course (5 ECTS, 50 hours) is organised into 36 hours of classroom lectures, supported by slides, radiological images and anatomical plates prepared by the lecturer, and 14 hours of small-group activities at the Anatomage digital anatomy table, dedicated to sectional anatomy and to the three-dimensional exploration of structures. Individual homework is also envisaged, in which the student learns to recognise on radiological images (X-ray, CT, MRI) the correspondence between the imaging finding and the anatomical structure. Teaching material is made available on the DIR (Didattica in Rete) e-learning platform. Attendance is compulsory according to the Degree Course regulations.

Student office hours are by appointment, to be arranged by e-mail with the lecturer. Notices, announcements and teaching material are published on the University DIR (Didattica in Rete) e-learning platform, communicated by e-mail from the lecturer or through the student office (segreteria).
Students with disabilities, Specific Learning Disorders (SLD/DSA) or Special Educational Needs (SEN/BES) may request dedicated services and tools by contacting the Staff for Career Development, Coordination and Services to Students, and by consulting the dedicated page of the University website: https://uniupo.it/it/servizi/servizi-studentesse-e-studenti-condizione-di-fragilit%C3%A0-disabilit%C3%A0-dsa-bes
Once they have contacted the University Staff, students with disabilities, DSA or BES may contact the lecturer in charge of the course regarding the arrangement of the examination methods and the teaching aspects.

The exam consists of a written test made up of 30 multiple-choice questions (5 options, only one correct) covering the whole programme; and 10 multiple-choice questions dedicated to the recognition of anatomical structures on radiological images (X-ray, CT, MRI). Questions are organised into four areas: locomotor system (bones and muscles); cardiovascular and lymphatic system; organs of the visceral systems (splanchnology); nervous system. The test assesses knowledge of the course topics, the ability to relate anatomical structure and radiological image, and the correct use of anatomical terminology. The result determines the mark of the Human Anatomy module, which contributes – together with the marks of the other modules – to the overall mark of the integrated exam; passing requires a sufficient mark (18/30) in all modules.

- Introduction to anatomy: subject of anatomy; levels of organisation (cell, tissues, organs and systems); structure of solid and hollow organs; anatomical position, reference planes and axes (fundamental for imaging anatomy) and directional terminology; body cavities and regions; principles of topographic anatomy and landmarks.
- Locomotor system – axial and appendicular skeleton: classification of bones (long, flat with diploe, short); joints (synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses) and movements; vertebral column (cervical vertebrae with atlas and axis, thoracic and lumbar; sacrum and coccyx; intervertebral discs) and thoracic cage (sternum; true, false and floating ribs); pectoral girdle and upper limb (humerus, carpus, hand), pelvic girdle and lower limb.
- Skull: neurocranium (bones of the vault and base, cranial fossae, cribriform plate, sella turcica, pterygopalatine fossa as a radiographic landmark) and viscerocranium (bones of the face, mandible, temporomandibular joint); paranasal sinuses (frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary) and nasal cavities.
- Cardiovascular and lymphatic system: heart (pericardium, myocardium, chambers and valves, conduction system); systemic and pulmonary circulation; aorta and great vessels; veins (superior and inferior vena cava); capillaries; lymphatic system (thoracic duct, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus).
- Respiratory system: upper airways (nose, pharynx, larynx) and lower airways; trachea and main bronchi (right/left asymmetry); lungs (lobes and fissures); pulmonary acinus and alveoli; diaphragm and diaphragmatic domes.
- Digestive system: oesophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) and large intestine (caecum, appendix, colon, rectum); peritoneum and mesenteries; accessory glands: liver (Glisson's capsule), biliary tract and gallbladder, pancreas; salivary glands.
- Urinary system: kidney (relationships and vertebral projection T12–L3, cortex, medulla, nephron, juxtaglomerular apparatus), ureters, bladder and urethra.
- Endocrine system: pituitary gland (sella turcica), pineal gland, thyroid and parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreatic islets of Langerhans.
- Nervous system: organisation of the central and peripheral nervous system; brain, brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata) and cerebellum; spinal cord and cauda equina; meninges and cerebrospinal fluid (choroid plexuses); notes on the cranial and spinal nerves.
- Radiological and imaging anatomy (X-ray/CT/MRI – structure correlation): bony and soft-tissue landmarks in the main projections and sections; thorax (bronchography: trachea, aortic arch, lobar bronchi, diaphragmatic domes); abdomen (CT/MRI lumbar section: aorta, inferior vena cava, liver, kidneys, psoas major muscle, cauda equina); paranasal sinuses (coronal CT); vertebral column and cranio-cervical junction (CT: odontoid process of the axis, brainstem, spinal cord).

Knowledge and understanding: the student knows the general organisation of the human body and the structure and relationships of the main organ systems, with particular reference to topographic and radiological anatomy.
Applying knowledge and understanding: the student is able to recognise and name anatomical structures in the different radiological projections and sections (X-ray, CT, MRI) and to use anatomical knowledge in the professional context of radiology.
Making judgements: the student is able to relate structure, relationships and radiological image and to integrate anatomical notions with the other disciplines of the study programme.
Communication skills: the student is able to describe anatomical structures using correct and appropriate scientific terminology.
Learning skills: the student has acquired a study method that enables them to independently update and deepen their anatomical knowledge.