Ateneo - UPO

Principles of pharmacology and toxicology: kynetic and dynamic.
Toxic effects and mechanism, molecular targets.
Carbon monoxide and methaemoglobin.
Mushroom poisoning
Toxicity of nervous system.
Drug abuse
Prion diseases
Doping

The methodology for preparing pharmaceutical forms, subdivided according to the route of administration. The choice of excipients in the preparation of different pharmaceutical forms based on their characteristics. Concepts of biopharmaceutical and bioavailability of pharmaceutical forms.
The Good Preparation Standards and the quality in the preparation of medicines. Prevention of clinical risk.

• The Good Preparation Standards (NBP) - Annex 1 F.U. XII Ed.
• Infusion technique: NBP in the preparation of infusion solutions
• Security in the Compounding Center
• The Compounding Center: perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis, antalgic therapy, artificial nutrition, antiblastic chemotherapeutics

Description of the main drugs of abuse and of the main drugs included in the therapeutic monitoring programs.
Liquid chromatography and gas chromatography techniques.
Detectors combined with HPLC and gas chromatography instruments
Mass spectrometry detector
Sample treatment techniques on urinary, blood and keratin matrices
Analysis techniques
Interpretation of the data.

Suggested books:
• Farmacologia generale e molecolare. Clementi & Fumagalli, IV Ed, UTET
• Elementi di tossicologia, Lu Frank C. - Kacew Sam, Ed EMSI

Farmacopea Ufficiale XII edizione. Medicamenta.

R. Needle e T. Sizer, Il Manuale CIVAS, Principi Generali, Ed. Italiana, 2001
Beaney, Controllo di Qualità nei servizi di preparazione asettica, Ed. Italiana, 2003
Le Norme di Buona Preparazione dei Medicinali in Farmacia , Farmacopea Ufficiale XII ed., 2008
ASHP Guidelines on Compounding Sterile Preparations, American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 2013

The aim of the course is the acquisition by the student of the basics of pharmacology and toxicology, to know the tosological effects of therapeutic and environmental agents on living organisms.

The aim of the course is to provide the student with the knowledge of the preparation methods and the excipients of the pharmaceutical forms and to understand how to produce a qualitatively valid product.
For this purpose it is essential to know the main technical operations

Starting by the Rules of Good Preparation of Medicines in Pharmacy of the F.U. XII ed., the course describes the characteristics, advantages and opportunities of a Compounding Center in Pharmacy. In particular, the basic principles and the applications of the centralized preparation of pain therapy for acute and chronic pain, of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis, of oncological therapies, of parenteral nutrition, as well as aspects related to the safety of the operators and the quality of the preparations. The role of clinical galenica is framed in the context of clinical pharmacy, drug policies, and pharmacist professional development.

Acquire the knowledge related to the techniques of chromatography analysis and mass spectrometry in the field of clinical and forensic drug-toxicology

The student must be in possession of the concepts of chemistry, biochemistry, anatomy, physiology and pathology.

For Preparazioni farmaceutiche the student must be in possession of the basic notions of Chemistry, Biochemistry and General Pharmacology.

Per Farmacia clinica the student must be in possession of the notions of Pharmacology.

For Analisi tossicologiche: Knowledge of inorganic and organic chemistry and basic laboratory instrumentation

Lectures with Power Point presentation

For Preparazioni farmaceutiche: The excipients used in the pharmaceutical preparations, their chemical-physical characteristics, the pharmaceutical operations, the laboratory instruments and the preparation technique will be described.
Some formulas will be presented and will be taught how to integrate the individual components, according to their characteristics, to produce a finished product that is qualitatively valid.
A 5-hour guided tour of a pharmaceutical plant will be carried out to review the methods of industrial preparation of the tablets and to understand the concept of quality in the production of medicines.

For Analisi tossicologiche: PC with projector, blackboard and felt-tip pens

The student is required a good level of knowledge of English, especially in reading.
Students with physical disabilities, Learning Disabilities or Special Education Needs can request specific services and tools via the Staff Sviluppo e Coordinamento Carriere e Servizi alle Studentesse e agli Studenti, consulting the University webpage: https://www.uniupo.it/en/services/services-students-physical-or-learning-disabilities
Students with disabilities, learning disabilities or special education needs, once they have contacted the University Staff, can refer to the tutor in charge of the course to define the examination modalities, concerning academic aspects.

Pharmacology: Oral test

For Preparazioni farmaceutiche students will have to take an oral exam on subjects concerning pharmaceutical preparations. They will have to demonstrate that they have assimilated the basic notions of the Pharmaceutical Technique and how to prepare a qualitatively valid preparation. To this end a formula will be submitted and the student will have to comment on it, proving to know the excipients, their main chemical and physical characteristics and incompatibility and will have to describe which pharmaceutical operations apply to produce a finished galenic product, in possession of the necessary qualitative requirements and properly packaged and labeled.

Pharmacology:
Principles of Pharmacology-General Toxicology:
• Drug-toxicokinetics: absorption, metabolism, distribution and excretion of xenobiotics; administration routes; pharmacokinetic parameters: half-life, bioavailability, renal clearance, volume of distribution.
• Drug-toxicodynamics: concept of agonist and antagonist, receptorial models, dose-response curve
• Toxic effects and molecular targets of toxicity
• Toxicity mechanisms
• Antidotism and drug therapy

  Hematotoxicity: carbon monoxide and methaemoglobin
      Toxicity of the nervous system: glutamatergic and GABAergic system, cholinergic system, toxins that act on the release of neurotransmitters
Substances of abuse: molecular mechanisms of tolerance, dependence and gratification
• Opiates
• Barbiturates and benzodiazepines
• Cocaine and amphetamines
• Hallucinogens
• Ethanol and alcoholism
  Prions and prion diseases
  Doping and doping substances

Preparazioni farmaceutiche:
Pharmaceutical operations.
Grinding, mixing, solubilization, aseptic technique, sterilization, filtration. Labeling and packaging. Good Preparation Standards and quality in the production of medicines. Classification of pharmaceutical forms according to the route of administration.
Oral way.
Syrups, emulsions, suspensions, tablets, capsules, powders and granules, sachets. Bioavailability of oral forms.
Rectal way. Suppositories.
Penetration of the active substance through the mucosa, excipients, preparation.
Dermal route. Ointments.
Penetration of the active substance through the skin, excipients, preparation.
Ocular way. Eye drops.
Requirements required for an ocular formulation, preparation.
Parenteral route.
Properties of injectable preparations, formulations, preparation, aseptic packaging, sterile environments, vertical and horizontal laminar flow hoods.
Preparation of bags for total parenteral nutrition, anticancer drugs.

According to the Dublin descriptors D1- KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING: The student will know and understand the basic notions of general pharmacology and the pharmaco-toxicological characteristics of substances of abuse and of different classes of drugs, how to set up a galenic medicine applying the correct technique, using the appropriate equipment, choosing the most appropriate excipients, and completing the label completely. D2- ABILITY TO APPLY KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING: The student will acquire the ability to use the theoretical knowledge imparted in class to reason critically, demonstrating that they are able to make connections between the different topics and to apply the knowledge acquired in the context of clinical analyses of different drugs or toxic substances. D3- JUDGMENT ABILITY: The student will acquire the ability to critically examine the theoretical notions acquired and to be able to independently argue the problems arising from their practical application. D4-COMMUNICATION SKILLS: The student will acquire the ability to disseminate the knowledge assimilated using a specific and appropriate vocabulary in order to be able to compare themselves in a professional and competent manner in the academic and subsequently working environment. D5-LEARNING SKILLS: The student will acquire a learning ability useful for continuous and constant updating regarding the procedures to be performed in the context of a clinical analysis laboratory